云芝漆酶对靛蓝废水脱色降解研究

[目的]探讨云芝漆酶对靛蓝废水的脱色净化作用。[方法]首先研究不同温度、pH、靛蓝浓度、HBT添加量、漆酶用量对漆酶/HBT脱色作用的影响,然后分析漆酶和酸性纤维素的酶协同水洗。[结果]当以1-羟基苯并三唑(简称HBT)为介体时,云芝漆酶/HBT对靛蓝作用的动力学参数Km和Vmax分别为0.318 mmol/L和0.035 5 mmol/(L.min)。在温度50℃,pH 4.5,靛蓝浓度100 mg/L,介体HBT用量0.1%,漆酶用量100 IU/L条件下,作用40 min时,靛蓝脱色率高达96.5%。牛仔布生物整理中采用漆酶与酸性纤维素酶协同作用,当漆酶用量为15 000 IU/kg牛仔布时,牛仔布的返沾程度减少85%,同时水洗废水中靛蓝含量减少83.8%。[结论]漆酶在牛仔服的生物整理及染整废水的脱色净化处理中具有良好的应用前景。     

Modelling of pH effects and CIE L*a*b*colour spaces of beech wood-inhabiting fungi by NIRS

A combination of statistical techniques of analyses were used to evaluate the potential of International Commission on Illumination (CIE) lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) colour space system and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess surface changes in relation with progressive decay of beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) by wood-inhabiting lignicolous fungi Inonotus hispidus, Trametes versicolor and Xylaria polymorpha. pH effects based modelling predictions of beech earlywood and latewood tissues were also included. Multivariate analysis techniques included response surface optimization, sample-specific standard error of prediction (SEP) method and projection to latent structures partial least squares (PLS) regression. Strong statistical relationships were derived for pH predictions with R² values ranged: from 0.77 to 0.84 for I. hispidus; from 0.77 to 0.84 for T. versicolor and from 0.83 to 0.91 for X. polymorpha. R² values for CIE-based L*a*b* colour space measurements ranged: from 0.43 to 0.69 (L*), 0.66 to 0.76 (a*), 0.42 to 0.53 (b*) for I. hispidus; from 0.59 to 0.69 (L*), 0.69 to 0.79 (a*), 0.64 to 0.79 (b*) for T. versicolor; and from 0.51 to 0.75 (L*), 0.89 to 0.94 (a*), 0.85 to 0.89 (b*) for X. polymorpha. Multivariate technical analysis (response surface analysis, sample-specific SEP, PLS regression) of CIE L*a*b* system and NIRS results should be able to characterize pH effects and surface changes of wood spalted by lignicolous fungi as a quick and reliable non-destructive method relevant to wood-spalting concerns and the forest products industry.     

Characteristics of Pestalotiopsis Associated with Hardy Ornamental Plants in the UK

Pestalotiopsis isolates obtained from the foliage, stem-base and roots of hardy ornamentals grown on commercial nurseries in the UK were identified and characterised according to pathogenicity and colony morphology. All 18 isolates were identified as Pestalotiopsis sydowiana on the basis of conidia morphology, and confirmation of identification was made by experts at CABI Bioscience. Isolates were pathogenic on the host from which originally isolated. Typical symptoms included foliar browning of foliage and stems, and the presence of black or greenish-black acervuli on diseased tissue. Isolates were not host specific and infected other species of hardy ornamentals. Three colony types on potato dextrose agar were distinguished according to colour and production of acervuli by individual isolates.Three selected isolates of P. sydowiana were characterised by examining the effects of growth media, temperature, pH, and water potential on hyphal extension. Isolates grew well on commonly used growth media, including PDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), V8 juice agar (V8), malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek Dox agar (CDA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was in the range 20–25°C, with little or no growth occurring below 5°C or above 30°C. Hyphal extension occurred over a pH range between 2.6–8.6, with optimum values occurring at pH 5.5. In general, decreases in osmotic and matric potential caused a reduction in growth. Hyphal extension on media adjusted osmotically as NaCl ceased between –9.9 and –10.5MPa. Isolates were more tolerant of osmotic than matric potential, with no growth occurring at –6.5MPa on media adjusted with polyethylene glycol.     

云芝菌丝体液体培养基的筛选

以云芝菌丝体生物量为主要指标,首先采用不同碳源和氮源进行单因素初选试验,再进行其不同比例的混合碳氮源正交试验。结果表明云芝菌丝体液体最佳培养基是葡萄糖20g·L^-1、蔗糖5g·L^-1、酵母粉2g·L^-1、蛋白胨2g·L^-1、KH2PO42.5g·L^-1、MgS04.7H2O1.5g·L^-1和VB18mg·L^-1。其菌丝体生物量得率22.9g·L^-1。     

枇杷拟盘多毛孢生物学特性研究

从不同培养基、温度、pH值、光周期及湿度对枇杷拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis eriobotryfolia)生长的影响进行系统研究,为由该菌引起的病害防治提供理论依据。结果表明该菌菌落生长的适宜温度范围是12~30℃,最适温度26℃;在7种培养基中,PSA和含维生素的培养基有利于该菌落生长和产孢;菌落扩展和菌丝干重增加的最适pH是7,适合孢子萌发的pH是4;全光照有利于菌落生长和孢子萌发;分生孢子在饱和湿度中萌发率最高,24 h后孢子萌发率为44.59%;菌丝块致死温度为56℃、15 min,分生孢子致死温度为54℃、15min。     

稻赤斑黑沫蝉的发生成因和控防对策

分析了稻赤斑黑沫蝉的发生特点和原因,提出了以农业防治为基础,铲除田埂山边杂草,搞好品种布局,注重预测预报,选择呋喃丹防治若虫、三唑磷防治成虫的控防对策,具有良好的防效。     

Biological characteristics of Pestalotiopsis versicolor，the agent of bayberry twig blight in Southern China

To study the biological characters of Pestalotiopsis versicolor, one of the agents of bayberry twig blight disease, the effects of media type, carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） sources, temperature, pH, and light on P. versicolor were examined to determine optimal conditions for mycelial growth and sporulation. Three independent isolates showed a similar trend of growth and sporulation with different C and N sources. However, the growth rates varied significantly among seven agar media. Fungal growth rates were the highest on potato dextrose agar （PDA） and potato sucrose agar （PSA）. The fungi grew fast on bayberry fruit extract agar （BFA） but sparsely. Growth rates were moderate on oatmeal agar （OMA） and Czapek\|Dox agar （CDA）, and low on bayberry leaf extract agar （BLA） and bayberry branch extract agar （BBA）. Sucrose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, mannose, levulose, sorbose, and starch were optimal carbon sources, whereas glycerol and ribose were moderate, and xylose was poor for the fungus. Potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, and all of the amino acids tested （i.e. cysteine, glycine, tyrosine, histidine, alanine, arginine, glutamate, and proline）, were good sources of nitrogen for the fungus. Growth occurred between 10 and 30℃ and was optimal between 25 and 28℃. Growth was normal and no significant difference between pH 5 to 10 was found. The quantity of conidia from two isolates （XJ27 and XJ42） on PDA after 10 days growth under light was significantly greater （P< 0001） than that under darkness. In contrast, sporulation of the other isolate, RA2\|1, was unaffected by light. P. versicolor has wide adaptivity to media, carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH, while light influences sporulation of some isolates. These results will be helpful to understand the epidemiology of the disease and to develop a reasonable disease management strategy in reforestation areas.     

石楠拟盘多毛孢致病毒素的初步分离纯化

为了获得引起草莓根腐病的石楠拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis photiniae)产生的致病毒素组分,利用中压硅胶柱层析、高效液相C-18制备柱层析和sephadex LH-20层析对粗毒素进行了分离纯化,以离体叶盘针刺法检测分离所得组分的致病活性。结果显示:经中压硅胶柱层析和高效制备液相色谱得到了FrⅢ1和FrⅢ2两个组分,其中FrⅢ1有较强活性;用sephadex LH-20对FrⅢ1进一步纯化后又得到了两组活性组分FrⅣ1-2和FrⅣ3-4,其中组分FrⅣ3-4的活性明显强于组分FrⅣ1-2;HPLC分析发现这两组组分又分别含有2个和5个组分,7个组分均在C-18柱层析过程中出峰时间较早,说明该毒素的极性较大。     

猕猴桃褐腐病生防菌株GMH31发酵条件的优化

利用从药用植物牡蒿(Artemisia japonica)中分离筛选出的1株猕猴桃褐腐病生防菌株GMH31,采用含毒介质平板法进行抑菌试验,通过单因子试验和正交试验,对该菌株的最适发酵培养基成分(包括碳源、氮源、无机盐离子、微量元素)及发酵条件(包括发酵时间、温度、pH、转数、装液量、接种量)进行了优化。结果显示:尤韦可拟盘多毛孢菌株GMH31培养基组分最佳配比为麦芽糖35 g/L、氯化铵12 g/L、K_2HPO_40.1 g/L、甘氨酸0.015 g/L,最佳发酵条件为培养时间14 d、培养温度26℃、初始pH 6.0、摇床转速120 r/min、250 m L装液量100 m L、接菌量为装液量的6%。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,GMH31菌株发酵滤液对猕猴桃褐腐病菌的抑制率提高了16.45%。