Agroforestry techniques for the rehabilitation of degraded salt-affected lands in India

The development of appropriate technologies for the judicious use of India's 8.11 million ha of salt-affected lands would give increased food, fodder and fuelwood production. A sizeable portion of the salt-affected lands of the Indo-Gangetic plain have been reclaimed through chemical amendments and are being commercially used for arable farming. However, large areas of salt-affected common lands, village and government lands and waste lands near cities, along railway tracks and roads do not have any productive use. Owing to their sparse vegetative cover such lands are vulnerable to further degradation and can be a source of runoff causing floods, especially where cows congregate. Research at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal has generated agroforestry techniques which could enable the economic exploitation of such marginal lands. This paper deals with various aspects of these techniques, which have been applied to over 50 000 ha by 1994. Based on eight to ten years of growth and biomass figures, the most salt-tolerant woody species identified were: Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Tamarix articulata, Leptochloa fusca (a palatable forage grass which was found to be a promising primary colonizer of salt lands). Agronomic practices for the successful establishment of trees such as planting methods, amendment use, irrigation, spacing and lopping schedules are discussed. A Prosopis juliflora-leptochloa fusca silvipastoral model was found to be excellent for fuelwood and forage production and for the amelioration of high pH soils. This system, when followed for little more than four years, reclaims alkali soils to such an extent that normal agriculture crops such as Trifolium alexandrinum and T. resupinatum can be grown successfully. A ridge-trench system of tree planting was found to be helpful in alkali soils, the in situ rainwater conservation it led to assisting biomass production. Eucalyptus tereticornis, Populus deltoides and Tectona grandis based agroforestry were promising for reclaimed salt-affected lands. The short- and long-term effects of various tree plantations on the physicochemical properties of the soil and on soil-water relations are also discussed. Agroforestry options for the development of salt-affected lands found in various agroclimatic zones of India are explored.     

限根栽培对番茄生长和品质的影响

以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)粉果E756为试验材料,采用不同栽培体积及基质,研究限根栽培对粉果E756生长和品质的影响。结果表明,随着限根体积的减小,粉果E756株高、茎粗及叶面积差异明显,处理组的株高、茎粗明显低于对照组,同时,粉果E756植株的光合能力下降,产量降低,但番茄果实的品质有所改善,与对照相比,栽培体积为0.3 m×0.3 m×36 m的种植方式,总糖含量高1.27个百分点,VC含量高4.72 mg/kg,可溶性固形物含量高0.63个百分点。     

矮化中间砧对红富士苹果果实品质的影响

为选择应用苹果矮化中间砧提供科学依据,以‘红富士’苹果为试材,研究了不同矮化中间砧对果实品质的影响。结果表明,以SH5和SH38为中间砧的红富士苹果,果实内在品质包括果实的含糖量、可溶性固形物含量、果实糖酸比值以及维生素C含量等方面,均显著优于以M26为中间砧的;从果实着色级数、色调级数、果面光洁度级数来看,以SH5为中间砧的红富士苹果,果实极显著优于其他中间砧的,以B9和M26为中间砧的红富士苹果果实相对较差,而中间砧SH38的果实也优于以B9和M26为中间砧的;从果实大小来看,以SH5为中间砧的果实最小,而以B9为中间砧的果实最大。     

北方柿优良品种及优质栽培关键技术

北方是我国柿主要产区,包括河北、河南、陕西、山西、山东等省,栽培面积和产量占全国生产总量的80%～90%。北方柿资源丰富,品种众多,其中尤以磨盘柿、牛心柿、八月黄、水柿等为代表品种。从优良品种、合理修剪、保花保果等方面阐述了优质栽培关键技术。     

果树果实细胞超微结构研究进展

从细胞超微结构综述了仁果类、核果类、浆果类果树果实的薄壁细胞、筛管伴胞（SE／CC）复合体、韧皮薄壁细胞及各种细胞器的研究进展,并对果实细胞超微结构的发展方向提出了自己的看法和建议。     

SQLite数据库在嵌入式果蔬保鲜运输车监测系统中的应用

在嵌入式果蔬保鲜运输车监测系统中,需要记录和查询车内温度、湿度等大量数据.本研究使用SQLite开源数据库来实现这些功能,设计了数据库的功能和结构,对数据库进行了移植,将数据库集成到监测系统中.同时,对所设计的SQLite数据库进行了实验验证,结果表明达到了设计目的,可以满足果蔬保鲜运输车监测系统的要求.     

山梨醇对李果肉组织总RNA提取的影响

探讨了不同浓度的山梨醇清洗溶液对李果肉组织中RNA提取效果的影响。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳、核酸蛋白分析仪和RT-PCR等方法对RNA质量和产率进行了分析,结果表明:李果肉组织研磨后用山梨醇清洗溶液处理有利于总RNA的提取,而不添加山梨醇的清洗溶液,提取液中检测不到RNA,当清洗溶液中山梨醇浓度为1.10mol/L时,李果肉组织总RNA的产率明显高于山梨醇浓度为0.35 mol/L和3.00 mol/L时的产率;以不同贮藏天数的李果实为试材提取总RNA,其结果是一致的;通过RT-PCR扩增蛋白延伸因子EF-2基因,结果证明本试验提取的总RNA可以用于基因转录表达特性分析。     

不同龙眼品种果实的耐贮性比较

以19个龙眼Dimocarps longanaLour.品种的果实为试材,对品种间耐贮性和评价指标的作用进行了研究,并探讨了质量损失率和商品率的关系.结果表明,19个龙眼品种的果实在低温(5℃)和室温下的耐贮性均有较大差异,部分在室温下较耐贮的品种在低温下耐贮性有所下降.各评价指标在决定龙眼果实耐贮性中的作用和关系,在不同贮藏状态下表现不同,在室温密闭条件下,质量损失率与果实的耐贮性关系不大,霉变率和烂果率是影响贮藏效果的主要原因;在低温密闭条件下,贮藏前期的果皮褐变与后期的果肉自溶腐烂是影响贮藏效果的主要原因.影响好果率的因素主要是烂果率,其次是霉变率.质量损失率与褐变指数无显著相关性,但与商品率显著正相关.     

北京产果品供应链整合运作模式探讨

探索供应链管理思想在农产品经营实践中的应用已逐渐受到关注。本文以北京出产的果品为研究对象,基于对果品供应链所涉及生产、经营和消费等环节的相关节点主体进行的实地调研资料,结合对果业发展间接资料的系统分析,探讨了北京出产果品在市场供求对接实践中,业已存在和未来可供选择的供应链整合运作模式,其中包括“产地主导的都市农业模式”、“核心主体拉动模式”和“基于信息网络平台的节点协同模式”。同时,针对不同模式又简要讨论了各自特点及其在实践中应用的适应条件。目的是为参与北京产果品供应链管理的各方面相关主体提供管理借鉴和参考。     

Biological and molecular characterization of tomato brown rugose fruit virus and development of quadruplex RT-PCR detection

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus(ToBRFV) is a novel tobamovirus firstly reported in 2015 and poses a severe threat to the tomato industry. So far, it has spread to 10 countries in America, Asia, and Europe. In 2019, ToBRFV was identified in Shandong Province(ToBRFV-SD), China. In this study, it was shown that ToBRFV-SD induced mild to severe mosaic and blistering on leaves, necrosis on sepals and pedicles, and deformation, yellow spots, and brown rugose necrotic lesions on fruits. ToBRFV-SD induced distinct symptoms on plants of tomato, Capsicum annumm, and Nicotiana benthamiana, and caused latent infection on plants of Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and N. tabacum cv. Zhongyan 102. All the 50 tomato cultivars tested were highly sensitive to ToBRFV-SD. The complete genomic sequence of ToBRFV-SD shared the highest nucleotide and amino acid identities with isolate IL from Israel. In the phylogenetic tree constructed with the complete genomic sequence, all the ToBRFV isolates were clustered together and formed a sister branch with tobacco mosaic virus(TMV). Furthermore, a quadruplex RT-PCR system was developed that could differentiate ToBRFV from other economically important viruses affecting tomatoes, such as TMV, tomato mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the biological and molecular characteristics of ToBRFV and provide an efficient and effective detection method for multiple infections, which is helpful in the management of ToBRFV.