基于适宜尺度选择的冬小麦赤霉病遥感监测

为快速、准确获取江淮麦区县域冬小麦赤霉病发生信息,选用中、高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像做多尺度信息融合研究。在筛选适宜冬小麦田块分布特征的空间尺度遥感影像基础上,通过分析冬小麦长势指标和赤霉病病情指数之间的互作关系,构建基于多农学参数的冬小麦赤霉病估测模型,并对县域冬小麦赤霉病空间变化进行遥感监测。结果表明:(1)2m×2m、8m×8m和16m×16m三种空间尺度融合影像的均值相差不大,平均梯度和标准差存在明显差异。16m×16m融合影像的清晰度最好,信息量也多,比较适合研究区域冬小麦田块分布特征。(2)16m×16m融合影像提取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI)值明显高于2m×2m和8m×8m融合影像,说明16m×16m融合影像光谱信息量较丰富,有利于冬小麦的识别。(3)冬小麦叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量和地上部生物量是影响赤霉病发生的主要长势指标。基于主要长势指标构建冬小麦赤霉病估测模型,平方根误差(REMS)为10.5%,相对误差为14.6%。该方法可以实现对县域冬小麦赤霉病空间变化的有效监测。     

Accumulation of mineral elements in tuber periderm of potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to common scab

Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.     

Improved diagnosis of powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea f.sp.subterranea) symptoms on potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Based on visual inspection, discrimination between common scab (Streptomyces spp.) and powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea) can be difficult. Inspections are performed on unwashed samples, incidentally supported by microscopic examination. During 1994–1996 surveys were performed in The Netherlands on tubers with symptoms resembling common scab. Under microscopic assessment nearly all samples showed the presence of structures resembling cystosori (sporeballs) ofS. subterranea. At that time confirmation using alternative techniques was not possible. In 2003 research was undertaken to clarify the situation with respect to scab on potato tubers in The Netherlands. One hundred and eighteen scab samples were extensively tested forS. subterranea. All samples were digitally photographed, microscopically examinated and tested with real-time PCR and DAS-ELISA. Use of these modern methods resulted in a clear picture of symptoms that can be attributed toS. subterranea. A lot of scab samples with structures resembling cystosori could not be confirmed as contaminated withS. subterranea.     

论花生疮痂病

花生疮痂病主要为害植株叶片、叶柄、托叶、茎部和子房柄,整个生育期均可发病,造成植株矮缩、病叶变形,严重影响花生的产量与质量。     

南平市小麦赤霉病发生和气象条件的关系

以2003--2011年南平地区小麦3个对照品种的赤霉病发生程度为研究对象,对小麦赤霉病的病情指数、发病率进行调查,并与开花期温度、降雨量的进行相关性分析,然后在逐步回归分析的基础上建立小麦赤霉病对照品种发生程度的动态预测模式,拟合率为92．6％。     

花生新品种对疮痂病抗性对比试验

采用喷雾法对43个花生品种进行疮痂病抗性鉴定试验,以筛选出适合本地区种植的抗病品种。结果表明：43个花生品种对疮痂病的抗性差异可分为3类,中感(MS)的有7个,占16.28%;中抗(MR)的有28个,占65.12%,抗病(R)品种有8个,占18.60%。建议抗病性达到中抗(MR)以上的36个品种,可结合各地的生产条件和品种综合性状示范种植。     

大麦赤霉病抗性研究及其抗源开拓

用禾谷镰刀菌 (Fusarium graminearum)培养的病麦粒接种与分生孢子液喷雾接种相接合的方法 ,对加拿大东西部 2 4 31份大麦材料进行了抗性鉴定。结果表明 ,不同基因型品种之间的抗性存在显著差异 ,大麦赤霉病抗性与棱型存在显著的正相关 ,与生育期存在显著的负相关。通过抗性鉴定 ,筛选到 14 5份高抗赤霉病的大麦材料 ,为大麦抗赤霉病育种提供抗源 ,并提出了大麦大面积鉴定赤霉病抗性的比较合理的接种方法     

禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵的敏感性基线及抗药性菌株生物学性质研究

 引起小麦赤霉病的禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)在华东地区对多菌灵已出现了高水平抗药性。本文报道了F.graminearum对多菌灵的敏感性基线及其抗药性菌株生物学特性。离体条件下多菌灵对100个野生敏感型菌株的平均EC₅₀和MIC值分别为0.5748±0.0133 μg/ml和 < 1.4μg/ml。而对50个抗药性菌株的平均EC₅₀和MIC值则分别为9.2375μg/ml和 > 100 μg/ml。在麦穗上多菌灵对50个敏感菌株和抗药性菌株防效的平均EC₅₀分别为282.6 μg/ml和 > 2 000μg/ml。从田间获得的抗多菌灵菌株对苯菌灵、噻菌灵、甲基托布津表现交互抗药性,但不同于室内突变菌株,对乙霉威不表现负交互抗药性。抗药性菌株的无性和有性繁殖后代以及在无药培养基上菌丝体转代培养后,抗药水平保持不变。抗药性菌株的菌丝生长速率、产孢能力及致病力等与敏感菌株相比没有差异。     

我国小麦产区间病害发生与损失差异比较研究

为系统全面地掌握我国各产区小麦病害的发生情况,本文重点分析了我国小麦五大产区(华东麦区、华中麦区、华北麦区、西北麦区和西南麦区)小麦锈病、赤霉病、白粉病、纹枯病、黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病的发生及防控情况。结果表明：我国小麦病害发生危害具有区域性特点,华东和华中麦区小麦纹枯病和赤霉病发病面积较大,且造成产量损失占比远超其余三大产区;华北麦区以白粉病发生最重;西北和西南麦区锈病和白粉病发生最重。我国小麦病害防治效果显著,华东和华中麦区赤霉病、纹枯病的年均挽回损失率均在80%以上;华北麦区年均挽回损失率最高的病害是白粉病(84.43%);西北和西南麦区对锈病年均挽回损失率分别为78.20%和85.26%;黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病挽回损失率较低。     

几种药剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果

[目的]筛选适合安徽繁昌地区防治小麦赤霉病的药剂品种。[方法]通过小区试验研究6种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果及对小麦的增产效果。[结果]25%氰烯菌酯SC、48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC、430 g/L戊唑醇SC、25%咪鲜胺EC在小麦齐穗-扬花期施用,对小麦赤霉病均有较好的预防效果,病指防效在82.98%~87.02%,防治区比不防治区增产幅度达8.38%~15.07%。[结论]在小麦赤霉病的防治中应优先推广使用25%氰烯菌酯SC、48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC、430 g/L戊唑醇SC、25%咪鲜胺EC,并合理轮换用药。