河北省梨品种应用现状 存在问题及对策

简述了河北省梨品种发展现状,指出了目前存在的问题,并提出了发展对策。     

番木瓜疮痂病菌的室内药剂筛选

为了筛选出适合大田防治番木瓜疮痂病的药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法对8种药剂进行室内药效筛选。结果表明：8种药剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果不同,从方差分析结果来看,25% 咪鲜胺乳油、10% 苯醚甲环唑可湿粉填料、50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂和25% 丙环唑乳油的EC50极显著或显著差异优于70% 甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、50% 异菌脲可湿性粉剂、80% 代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和50% 福美双可湿性粉剂;而25% 咪鲜胺乳油、10% 苯醚甲环唑可湿粉填料和50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂间的EC50无显著差异,其中25% 咪鲜胺乳油的EC50最小。建议在生产上推广使用25% 咪鲜胺乳油、10% 苯醚甲环唑可湿粉填料和50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂。     

Evaluation in pot and field trials of resistance of potato cultivars and breeding lines to common scab caused byStreptomyces scabies

Summary The resistance to common scab of nine cultivars and eight advanced breeding lines of potatoes, fiveSolanum andigenum Juz. et Buk. clones, and three potato breeding lines selected for resistance to common scab, was investigated in a field and a pot trial. In the pot trial potaroes were planted in inoculated coarse river sand in plastic pots (150 mm in diameter) placed on irrigated subsoil in a glassfibre house. In a field trial potatoes were planted in an artificially infested field. The harvested tubers were scored individually for scab incidence according to two scales, viz. a 1–5 point scale for percentage surface covered with scab and a 1–3 point scale for lesion type. A scab index value was calculated for each tuber. A significant correlation coefficient of 0.82 was obtained for the results of the two tests.     

二苯胺处理对鸭梨果实冷害的影响

研究了贮前二苯胺（DPA）处理对在低温条件下（0℃）贮藏鸭梨果实的果心褐变及生理变化的影响。结果表明：急骤降温（0℃）可产生严重的早期果心褐变,贮前二苯胺处理在一定条件下可减轻鸭梨果实的早期褐变,贮藏60 d时DPA处理果实的褐变指数为0.233,而对照为0.417;同时DPA处理可降低果实的乙烯释放量、抑制多酚氧化酶活性、保持果实酚类物质含量,对丙二醛（MDA）含量和果实相对电导率也有一定影响。     

梨火疫病病原菌的分离鉴定及室内抑菌药剂筛选

为明确新疆库尔勒地区梨火疫病致病菌,并筛选有效防治药剂。采用平板划线法获得分离物,结合致病性测定、形态学特征与分子生物学技术综合鉴定致病菌,采用“药液-菌液共培养法”与“抑菌圈法”测定16种杀菌剂对其室内毒力。鉴定分离物为Erwinia amylovora。16种杀菌剂对梨火疫病菌均有抑制作用。其中,0.3%四霉素AS抑菌效果最好,EC₅₀为2.968μg/mL。研究结果对梨火疫病田间药剂防治提供科学依据。     

Induced resistance: a tool for fungicide resistance management

Induced resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis was demonstrated in greenhouse tests with 12-day-old seedlings of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious treated with methyl 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinate or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid prior to inoculation with the causal fungus. Studies of the dose-response of flusilazole on induced resistant plants revealed synergistic effects between both crop protection principles. Therefore, the use of such resistance-inducing compounds in the field might allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, and possibly a reduction in dose, thus resulting in improved efficacy of fungicides. There was also evidence that induced resistance could prove to be a valid strategy for the treatment of pathogen populations with reduced sensitivity to a given fungicide. © 1998 SCI     

梨树专家系统及其应用

近20a来信息技术在农业上的应用发展迅速,农业专家系统作为农业信息技术的重要组成部分,在农业上发展很快。介绍了农业专家系统的定义和社会功能,并进一步阐述了梨树专家系统在农业生产上的应用现状,对梨树专家系统的应用前景进行了展望。     

应用赤霉菌粗毒素测定小麦品种的抗赤霉病性

小麦赤霉菌 Gibberella zeae(Schw.)Petch 在麦粒培养基上进行固体产毒培养,从中提取粗毒素。用粗毒素溶液处理小麦抗感赤霉病不同品种萌动—致的种子以及—叶期幼根和叶鞘。用 DDS-11A 型电导仪测定细胞渗透性变化。结果表明,在粗毒素作用下,小麦根、芽生长受抑制。但抗病品种受抑轻,感病品种受抑重。抗感品种幼根和叶鞘细胞渗透性的变化差异明显。用赤霉菌粗毒素测定细胞渗透性的变化,有可能作为鉴定小麦品种抗赤霉病的一个生理指标。     

石榴溃疡病害病原学研究

对石榴溃疡病害3菌株所引起的病害症状、病原菌的形态学特征、培养学特性、生理学特性及分子遗传多样性等方面进行比较研究.结果表明:石榴疮痂病与石榴果实上增生型症状的病原菌具有更近的亲缘关系,应为同一病原菌引起,推测该病原菌首先侵染石榴侵染枝干,然后侵染石榴的花萼和果实;而石榴干腐病病原菌主要侵染枝干,是否侵染果实及引起症状特征需要继续进行研究和鉴定.     

干旱区香梨滴灌灌水技术优化研究

[目的]弄清不同灌水技术下香梨耗水规律,筛选适合干旱地区的果树灌溉技术,为该地区香梨灌溉提供理论依据,进而更好地指导果园适时灌溉,对水分合理利用有重要的指导意义.[方法]通过对新疆巴州灌溉试验站香梨地在不同灌水技术条件下香梨土壤含水量、植株生长及品质和产量的监测,分析香梨地土壤含水量和香梨不同生育期的耗水特征.[结果]单环管和双环管处理在整个土层深度上的土壤含水量低于地表双管处理和对照,与对照和常规滴灌相比,平均低14.8％和9.5％.单环管和双环管与地表双管处理相比,总耗水量分别减少了5.1％和3.1％,各处理品质差异较小,产量差异较大,2012年,地表双管处理的产量为27.2×10^3 kg/hm^2,比对照（20.7×10^3 kg/hm^2）高出31.6％,单环管处理（27.7×10^3 kg/hm^2）比对照高出34.2％.而在2013年,双环管和地表双管处理产量分别为11.6×10^3、8.2×10^3 kg/hm^2,分别比对照（7.1×10^3 kg/hm^2）高出63.0％和15.5％.[结论]在双环管的布置方式下,内圈环管直径100cm,外圈环管直径200 cm,滴头间距30 cm,滴头流量3.2 L/h的处理在香梨长势及产量等指标上优于单环管和地表双管布置方式.