天桂梨无公害栽培技术

为积极打造天桂梨(Tiangui Pear)品牌,全面丰富品牌内涵,提高天桂梨的市场占有份额,实施无公害栽培技术是一项有效的措施。广丰县林科所几年来对天桂梨的无公害栽培技术进行了对比试验。现经整理、总结出以下几点栽培技术要点,供同行参考。1梨园规划天桂梨适宜性较强,平地、山地均宜栽植。但宜选择生态环境条件好,土、水无污染,坡度平缓,东、南、西坡向,光照充足,土层厚1m以上,土壤肥沃、疏松、交通方便的山地、平地。园址选择好后,要根据地形、规模,认真做好小区划分、车道、排灌水沟、蓄水池和农资库房等配套设施规划。一般山地梨园小区1…     

新高系砂梨品种引种栽培试验研究初报

为了筛选适于我国长江中游地区栽培的砂梨优良品种,以引种至湖南株洲的9个新高系砂梨品种为对象,就其生长特性、物候期、果实品质、丰产性、抗病性等方面的特性进行了为期5年的比较观察与试验,结果表明:该9个品种中华丰、华高、天皇这3个品种的表现最好,可在湖南及其周边地区大力发展,新高、黄金这2个品种的表现良好,可适当发展。     

几种药剂对石榴疮痂病的防治

在山东枣庄石榴疮痂病Dothiorella sp．是石榴枝干、果实上一种新发生的严重病害，用不同药剂、不同施药方法和施药时间对其进行了防治。结果表明，35％百菌敌5倍液于春季(4月上旬)轻刮涂刷枝干上的病斑，效果最好；防治果斑试验，以50％多菌灵WP500倍液效果最好，防治时间为6月上旬、中旬、7月上旬3次。     

干旱区香梨滴灌灌水技术优化研究

[目的]弄清不同灌水技术下香梨耗水规律,筛选适合干旱地区的果树灌溉技术,为该地区香梨灌溉提供理论依据,进而更好地指导果园适时灌溉,对水分合理利用有重要的指导意义.[方法]通过对新疆巴州灌溉试验站香梨地在不同灌水技术条件下香梨土壤含水量、植株生长及品质和产量的监测,分析香梨地土壤含水量和香梨不同生育期的耗水特征.[结果]单环管和双环管处理在整个土层深度上的土壤含水量低于地表双管处理和对照,与对照和常规滴灌相比,平均低14.8％和9.5％.单环管和双环管与地表双管处理相比,总耗水量分别减少了5.1％和3.1％,各处理品质差异较小,产量差异较大,2012年,地表双管处理的产量为27.2×10^3 kg/hm^2,比对照（20.7×10^3 kg/hm^2）高出31.6％,单环管处理（27.7×10^3 kg/hm^2）比对照高出34.2％.而在2013年,双环管和地表双管处理产量分别为11.6×10^3、8.2×10^3 kg/hm^2,分别比对照（7.1×10^3 kg/hm^2）高出63.0％和15.5％.[结论]在双环管的布置方式下,内圈环管直径100cm,外圈环管直径200 cm,滴头间距30 cm,滴头流量3.2 L/h的处理在香梨长势及产量等指标上优于单环管和地表双管布置方式.     

高抗梨黑星病新种质4-34和8-80的筛选

梨黑星病是梨的主要病害之一,对梨生产造成了巨大损失。为选育抗黑星病种质,通过田间自然发病方法,从京白梨和鸭梨正反交群体中筛选出2株高抗梨黑星病的种质4-34和8-80,经过2006～2010年连续5 a的接种评价,发现其抗病性稳定。并对其生物学性状进行了调查。     

Within-field variability of Fusarium head blight pathogens and their associated mycotoxins

Within-field variability in the Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its associated mycotoxins was studied in four European countries. At each of 14 sites, each FHB pathogen and associated mycotoxins were quantified in 16 quadrat samples at harvest. Overall, the incidence of quadrat samples with detectable and quantifiable pathogen DNA was significantly lower in the grain than in the corresponding chaff. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the most frequently detected toxin in the samples and its accumulation was most strongly associated with the presence of Fusarium graminearum. Nivalenol (NIV) accumulation was significantly associated only with the presence of F. culmorum. Zearalenone (ZON) accumulation was strongly associated with the presence of all three pathogens (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae). The levels of both DON and ZON concentrations were positively related to the amount of F. graminearum DNA in the grain or in the chaff. The presence/absence of FHB pathogens within a single quadrat appeared to be independent of each other. The presence of a particular FHB pathogen and the amount of its DNA, as well as the associated mycotoxin(s), varied greatly among samples at each site. This study demonstrated the large extent of within-field variability of FHB and its associated mycotoxins, and the importance of representative sampling in FHB studies.     

Trichothecene genotypes of Gibberella zeae from winter wheat fields in the eastern USA

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused principally by Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), is a devastating disease of small grains such as wheat and barley worldwide. Grain infected with G. zeae may be contaminated with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). Strains of G. zeae that produce DON may also produce acetylated derivatives of DON: 3‐acetyl‐DON (3‐ADON) and 15‐acetyl‐DON (15‐ADON). Gradients (clines) of 3‐ADON genotypes in Canada have raised questions about the distribution of G. zeae trichothecene genotypes in wheat fields in the eastern USA. Tri3 and Tri12 genotypes were evaluated in 998 isolates of G. zeae collected from 39 winter wheat fields in New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA), Maryland (MD), Virginia (VA), Kentucky (KY) and North Carolina (NC). Ninety‐two percent (919/998) of the isolates were 15‐ADON, 7% (69/998) were 3‐ADON, and 1% (10/998) was NIV. A phylogenetic analysis based on portions of three genes (PHO, RED and URA) from 23 isolates revealed two species of Fusarium (F. graminearum sensu stricto and one isolate of F. cerealis (synonym F. crookwellense)). An increasing trend of 3‐ADON genotypes was observed from NC (south) to NY (north). Punctuated episodes of atmospheric transport may favour a higher frequency of 3‐ADON genotypes in the northeastern USA, near Canada, compared with the mid‐Atlantic states. Discoveries of the NIV genotype in NY and NC indicate the need for more intensive sampling in the surrounding regions.     

A 9-year monitoring study of diseases on potato seed tubers imported to Israel

Potato seed tubers are imported annually to Israel from northern Europe. Although the seed is registered as certified, a survey carried out over a 9-year period indicated that most lots were affected by latent or active bacterial and fungal infections. Latent infection byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica, the causal agent of blackleg, at a level of 10³ cells/g peel, was present in 30% of the lots in most years. Black scurf caused byRhizoctonia solani was present in 20–70% of the imported lots, with a moderate to high level of infection in all years except 1985. In contrast, although many lots were affected by powdery scab, common scab, and Fusarium dry rot in most years, disease incidence within lots was generally low. The gangrene pathogen (Phoma exigua) was rarely detected. The survey findings are of marked importance, due to the extensive use of soil fumigation in Israeli agriculture.     

撑绿竹赤霉病的病原菌鉴定及杀菌剂毒力测定

根据病原菌形态特征和致病性等特点,鉴定撑绿竹赤霉病的病原菌为子囊菌门肉座菌目肉座菌科的虱状赤霉(竹赤霉菌)Gibberella pulicaris(Fr.)Sacc..对10种杀菌剂抑菌效果筛选,10%世高、50%多菌灵、60%茄苯得、80%炭疽福美对菌丝的抑制效果均80%以上,其EC<,50>依次为0.033,310.88,528.98,770.68μg/mL.