Cost-efficient conservation for the white-banded tanager (Neothraupis fasciata) in the Cerrado, central Brazil

Population viability analyses are widely used to support decisions for the management of single species, but there are few studies that explicitly take into account realistic economic costs. In this study we determine the most cost-efficient conservation management options for the white-banded tanager (Neothraupis fasciata) in the protected areas of the Cerrado in central Brazil. We use the PVA model VORTEX to simulate the ability of different management options to improve population persistence and then assess the effectiveness of each option given a fixed budget. We discover that the best strategy for improving the viability of white-banded tanager populations is to use fire management and nest protection to increase fecundity. In small reserves and a low budget then fire management alone is the best strategy, but if the budget is larger fire management with nest protection as a mixed strategy is better. In large reserves the best strategy is to do nest protection and with large budgets there is a negligible difference between spending all the money on nest protection versus a mixed strategy. If we had not included financial considerations in our analysis of management options then we would have discarded fire management as an option, even though it can be the best strategy.     

种群生存力分析及其在自然保护区设计中的应用

论述了种群生存力分析(PVA)的定义、原理及其在自然保护区设计中的应用,讨论了种群分析法与分析模型在自然保护区设计中的应用问题,应用旋涡模型(Vortex Model)对关键种黄腹角雉种群生存力进行了模拟分析,并以模拟结果为例,重点探讨了在自然保护区设计中如何确定面积大小能满足关键种的保护需要以及如何进行功能分区等热点问题.     

杉木的PVA,MF真空加压浸渍改性试验

杉木经１０５℃干燥后，分别用ＰＶＡ、ＰＶＡ＋ＭＦ、ＭＦ真空加压浸渍，再用高温干燥，最后经１４天恒温恒湿处理，测定并计算木材吸湿率、树脂存率、体积膨胀率、增重率与尺寸变化率，色差和硬度。经分析后认为：本试验以ＭＦ浸渍后用１０５℃￣１１０℃重率与杉木的改性效果较好。     

Nanocellulose reinforced PVA composite films: Effects of acid treatment and filler loading

Nanocellulose was prepared by acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at different hydrobromic acid (HBr) concentrations. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films were prepared by the reinforcement of nanocellulose into a PVA matrix at different filler loading levels and subsequent film casting. Chemical characterization of nanocelluloses was performed for the analysis of crystallinity (X_c), degree of polymerization (DP), and molecular weight (M_w). The mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocellulose reinforced PVA films were also measured for tensile strength and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The acid hydrolysis decreased steadily the DP and M_w of MCC. The crystallinity of MCC with 1.5 M and 2.5 M HBr showed a significant increase due to the degradation of amorphous domains in cellulose. Higher crystalline cellulose showed the higher thermal stability than MCC. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, nanocellulose samples showed the higher peak intensity than MCC cases. Reduction of MCC particle by acid hydrolysis was clearly observed from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The tensile and thermal properties of PVA composite films were significantly improved with the increase of the nanocellulose loading.     

一种复合型成膜剂的成膜性能测定及其对生防菌抑菌活性的影响

制备了不同比例的聚乙烯醇-羧甲基纤维素钠-钠基膨润土共混膜。结果表明:以质量浓度2%的聚乙烯醇(PVA)、1%的羧甲基纤维素钠(SCMC)及0.3%的钠基膨润土(Na-B)制得PVA-SCMC-Na-B共混膜,其成膜时间为7 min、粘度为480 mPa · s,对棉种的包衣均匀度为98%,包衣脱落率为 0.15%,并具有良好的水溶性和吸水溶胀性,而且共混膜对微生物的生长及抑菌活性、种子发芽率几乎无影响,可为新型绿色生物种衣剂的应用及推广提供参考。     

聚吡咯/纤维素导电复合织物的制备及表征

以亚麻和棉织物为基底材料,利用原位吸附聚合法和吸附胶团聚合法制备聚吡咯(PPy)/纤维素导电复合织物.采用SEM、FTIR、XRD和XPS研究并对比分析了两种方法制得的复合织物的表面形貌、界面结合、组织结构和元素原子数分数,并测定了表面电阻率.结果发现原位吸附聚合法在织物表面沉积的聚吡咯有一部分松散地分布于表层上,牢度较差;而添加了聚乙烯醇(PVA)的吸附胶团聚合法在织物表面沉积的聚吡咯则非常均匀、致密;两种方法制备的导电织物均为PPy与纤维素织物的复合产物,界面结合无明显差异.在复合的过程中,基底织物中的纤维素的化学结构和结晶状态未发生改变;吸附胶团聚合法中,PVA起到了模板的作用;添加PVA的吸附胶团聚合法比原位吸附聚合法所制得的复合织物的表面电阻率低,是较好的制备导电织物的方法.     

改性脲醛对钩叶藤类藤材弯曲性能的影响

为实现棕榈藤材增强保韧、劣藤优用制作家具的目的,以大钩叶藤、高地钩叶藤为研究对象,选择浸注试剂、浸注量、增韧剂量、加热时间4个因素分三水平进行L9(34)正交试验,对改性材弯曲性能进行测定,通过优序数法进行综合分析建立最佳改性工艺。结果表明,与大钩叶藤素材相比,分别浸注脲醛树脂、脲醛树脂和聚乙烯醇后,其抗弯强度分别增加34.1%和12.7%;而高地钩叶藤素材在浸注脲醛树脂后,其抗弯强度增加2.5%。聚乙烯醇添加后,大钩叶藤、高地钩叶藤脲醛树脂改性材柔量分别增加6.00%和1.93%。综合评价的大钩叶藤最佳改性处理工艺为以脲醛树脂(urea formaldehyde resin,UF)+聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)为改性试剂,浸注量为30%,聚乙烯醇添加量为0.10%,在120℃下干燥1.5 h;综合评价的高地钩叶藤最佳改性处理工艺为以脲醛树脂为改性试剂,浸注量为50%,在120℃下干燥0.5 h。恰当的改性处理不仅能提高棕榈藤材的抗弯强度,也能提高改性材的柔韧性。     

聚乙烯醇交联硅酸钠木材胶黏剂的耐水改性1）

采用有机助剂氨基磺酸、正硅酸乙酯和十二烷基磺酸钠,无机填料纳米二氧化硅和活性氧化镁对聚乙烯醇（ PVA）交联硅酸钠木材胶黏剂进行耐水改性。研究有机助剂添加比例、无机填料配比以及有机助剂／无机填料配比对硅酸钠胶黏剂耐水性能的影响,并采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（ FT－IR）研究耐水性提高机制。结果表明,与单独使用有机助剂或无机填料改性硅酸钠胶黏剂相比,有机助剂和无机填料复合改性硅酸钠胶黏剂的耐水性有较大提高。 FTIR分析表明,相对于PVA交联处理硅酸钠胶黏剂,有机助剂和无机填料复合改性可以进一步促进硅酸钠胶黏剂固化,提高胶黏剂的交联度,从而提高耐水性能。     

魔芋粉-壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇共混胶黏剂的性能及其胶合机理

为了提高魔芋粉的利用价值,开发环境友好型木材胶黏剂,以魔芋葡甘聚糖、壳聚糖为胶黏剂主料,添加聚乙烯醇制备三元共混胶黏剂。通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）,分析共混胶的热特性,确定了热压温度参数;采用正交试验法,探讨热压工艺参数对胶合板强度的影响,并进一步对比了二元共混胶和三元共混胶的强度;通过红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行了微观结构分析。结果表明：在热压温度130℃,热压时间15 min,压力4 MPa,胶存放时间24 h的条件下,用该胶黏剂压制的胶合板,干湿状胶合强度最大;FTIR分析发现3种高分子之间存在着氢键等强烈的相互作用;SEM分析表明三元共混胶黏剂中存在网状结构,使胶合强度得到提高。研究结果为加速环保木材胶黏剂研发进程和完善加工工艺条件提供了科学依据。     

PVA包膜缓释肥料在旱稻上施用效果

对自行研制的3种包膜缓释肥料(PG、PGg、PG f)的肥效进行旱稻盆栽试验。试验结果表明:所研制的包膜肥料具有较好的养分缓释效果,能使土壤中长时间保持较高的养分含量,包膜肥料缓释效果PGg型优于PG型和PG f型。相同试验条件下,PGg处理株高和生物量比对照处理(CK)分别增加了15.7%和12%,氮素利用率比CK提高了7.5%,减少了氮素损失。