水稻粒形调控基因的研究进展

水稻粒形是重要的产量和品质性状,阐明其形成机理,是进一步提高水稻单产和改良其品质的基础.粒形是受多基因共同作用的数量性状,但其每一个构成基因,尤其是主效基因符合单基因孟德尔遗传模型,基于这一特点以及基因组学和分子生物学的巨大进步,目前,已有大量的数量性状基因座和不少于22个粒形相关基因被克隆.本文总结了水稻粒形的遗传特点,重点阐述了已克隆基因的功能以及存在的问题.     

水稻植酸酶基因OsPHY2启动子的克隆及生物信息学分析

水稻种子萌发后,新生器官分化和生长所需磷素主要来自于植酸酶对种子中贮存植酸及其盐类的降解.针对水稻植酸酶基因OsPHY2在萌发种子中优势表达、但其转录调控机制尚不明确的现状,本研究克隆了该基因的启动子.利用生物信息学工具对该启动子中含有的顺式调控元件分析表明,该启动子中除含有RNA聚合酶结合的重要保守元件TATA盒和调...     

Effects of Farm Yard Manure and Lime on Cadmium Uptake by Rice Grown in Two Contaminated Soils of Chittagong

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of farm yard manure （FYM） and lime （calcium carbonate） on reducing the uptake of Cd by rice in two Cd contaminated soils of Chittagong. The effects of farm yard manure, lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime （FYM ＋ Lime） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth, Cd uptake by rice and 0.1 N HC1 extractable Cd in soil were investigated. Results showed that addition of lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly decreased 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the city sewage soil. Application of farm yard manure significantly decreased Cd concentration in rice in the city sewage soil. Lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly reduced Cd concentration in rice m both the contaminated soils. Lime was more efficient than farm yard manure in reducing the uptake of Cd by rice.     

水稻黄叶突变体叶绿体超微结构与突变基因定位

对黄叶突变体-黄玉B的叶绿体超微结构和遗传特性进行研究。结果表明,野生型和突变体在相同的叶龄期,叶片内叶绿体个数差异不显著(P<0.05),但野生型的叶绿体基质浓厚、基粒片层堆叠比较整齐、有序,突变体基质较淡、基粒片层堆叠比较松散。遗传分析表明,该突变体黄叶性状受1对隐性基因控制,命名为xl(t);用SSR分子标记将xl(t)定位在第11染色体RM5349和RM21之间,遗传距离分别为0.82 cM和2.34 cM。     

稻属（Oryza L.）的核质互作效应研究

用6个栽培稻品种为核供体亲本,以O. Barthii、O. Glaberrima野生稻种以及分别属于Indica、Javanica和Japonica亚种的6个品种为细胞质供体亲本,通过核置换回交8-12代,育成8×6个同核异质代换系。观察了全部代换系的11个农艺性状,研究其中7×6个代换系对20个稻瘟病菌株和15个白叶枯病菌株的感病性反应。结果表明,核质互作因素对所研究性状和两种病菌的反应都表现出显著的遗传效应;其中核质互作导致的雄性不育是一主导效应。研究的结果又一次为稻核质互作导致不育提供这样的证据：以进化上较低级的种质为胞质亲本更可能获得雄性不育。初步认为,胞质的多样性在杂交稻育种上较之在常规品种选育上更为重要和迫切。设想把细胞质导致核质互作雄性不育的这一胞质特性作为稻种分类的依据之一。     

籼粳稻间苗期耐冷性的遗传研究

 利用6个籼粳稻间杂交组合研究了苗期耐冷性的遗传。根据3叶期10℃/6℃（昼/夜）处理7天后的卷叶程度，各组合籼粳稻间耐冷性的差异均由两对重复基因所控制，耐冷性为完全显性。F#-2耐冷类型的植株中部分为籽粒较长、稃毛较少的偏籼类型，表明利用籼粳杂交改良籼稻品种的苗期耐冷性是可行的。     

水稻OsUBA基因的表达及其在促进种子萌发和开花中的功能

自噬是将功能异常或不需要的胞内组分降解的细胞学过程,广泛参与真核生物的生长发育过程、对营养缺乏的响应及生物/非生物胁迫反应。NBR1 (Next to BRCA1 gene 1, NBR1)是在植物中发现的最重要的自噬受体,但有关植物NBR1类自噬受体的研究较少,水稻中此类蛋白的研究还是空白。本文通过RT-PCR方法,从水稻日本晴幼苗的cDNA中克隆到一个含有泛素相关结构域(Ubiquitinassociated,UBA)的基因,将其命名为OsUBA。OsUBA的开放阅读框长2538 bp,编码845个氨基酸残基。OsUBA属于水稻中的NBR1类蛋白。OsUBA的启动子区有多个与光、逆境胁迫及激素反应相关的元件; OsUBA基因在水稻花药、正在萌发的种子以及根中的表达量较高,在茎和叶中也有表达; 200μmol L~(–1) ABA处理显著抑制OsUBA的表达,100μmol L~(–1) GA处理后OsUBA的表达略有升高。对OsUBA过表达水稻株系的研究表明,转基因水稻种子的萌发比野生型更快, ABA (3μmol L~(–1))处理显著抑制OsUBA过表达水稻株系种子的萌发, GA (100μmol L~(–1))处理对OsUBA过表达水稻株系种子的萌发略有促进;OsUBA过表达水稻株系的开花时间较野生型明显提前。这些结果表明,水稻NBR1蛋白基因OsUBA的表达和功能可能与对开花时间和种子萌发的调控以及生物/非生物胁迫反应有关。     

Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.     

Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.     

水稻温敏型叶片白化转绿突变体tsa2的表型鉴定与基因定位

水稻温敏型叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用、叶绿体结构和功能以及温度影响叶绿体发育的理想材料。利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变籼型水稻(OryzasativaL.)三系保持系西农1B,从其后代中筛选到一个突变性状稳定遗传的温敏型叶片白化转绿突变体tsa2 (temperature-sensitive green-revertible albino 2)。与野生型相比, tsa2突变表型受温度影响, 22°C条件下萌发的野生型幼苗表型正常,而tsa2幼苗完全白化,且约40%白化苗死亡,存活白化苗的光合色素含量、光合速率均显著降低,成熟期主要农艺性状均显著变劣;在28°C下萌发的tsa2幼苗叶片呈浅绿色并伴有白条纹,其光合色素含量显著降低,光合速率及主要农艺性状差异较小; 32°C下萌发的tsa2幼苗叶片无明显差异。透射电镜观察显示,与野生型相比,tsa2在22°C下叶肉细胞中无叶绿体或存在异常发育叶绿体(尚未分化出基粒和基层),在28°C下部分叶肉细胞含少量发育完整的叶绿体,在32°C下叶肉细胞数量及形态均正常。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析表明,与野生型相比,tsa2突变体中部分光合色素代谢途径基因、叶绿体发育相关基因及光合作用相关基因的表达水平呈不同程度变化。遗传分析表明, tsa2突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制, TSA2被定位于第5染色体SSR标记S5-57和S5-119之间,物理距离为718 kb。本研究为水稻遗传改良及研究温度影响叶绿体发育机制奠定了基础。