多胚水稻品系APⅣ反足细胞多样性的观察

利用ＧＭＡ切片技术对多胚水稻品系ＡＰⅣ反足细胞的研究表明，ＡＰⅣ反足细胞在数目、形态、位置、分裂方式，分化的方向和功能等都存在多样性，说明反足细胞在胚囊发育中的表现是复杂的。     

Analysis of QTL for Seed Dormancy and Their Response to Dry Heat Treatment in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling seed dormancy in rice were identified using recombinant inbred lines(RILs)population derived from the cross between a japonica variety Kinmaze and an indica variety DV85. Seeds of two parental cultivars and each RIL were harvested in 35d after heading.. The germination percentage of these seeds at 30℃for 7 days were measured as the degree of seed dormancy.. QTL analysis was performed with Windows QTL Cartographer 1.13a program by composite interval mapping.. A total of four QTL for seed dormancy were detected on chromosome 2(two regions),5 and 11,respectively.Phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 8.37 to 17.40%.. Responses of such loci to a dormancy-breaking treatment with dry heat were further detected. The results showed that two alleles of qDOR-2-1 and qDOR-5 from DV85 as well as the allele of qDOR11 from Kinmaze increased the seed dormancy,which seemed to be easily broken by dry heat treatment. Such loci of seed dormancy may be applied to rice genetic improvement.The allele of qDOR-2-2 from DV85 increased the seed dormancy,which could not be broken by dry heat treatment.     

不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响

 在大田不同施氮条件下,研究了3个水稻品种的氮素吸收利用效率及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素的生产效率和收获指数下降。相同施氮量条件下提高穗肥比率,氮素积累量及其回收效率和运转效率增加,而氮素生产效率下降。不同施氮条件下水稻氮素吸收利用效率的变化对产量和品质性状产生重要影响,稻米蛋白质含量随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素生产效率提高而极显著下降;垩白米率及面积随氮素收获指数增加而显著提高。穗数随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率增加而显著下降;结     

籼型杂交稻碾磨、外观品质性状的杂种优势分析

以具有广泛代表性的4个不育系和8个恢复系为材料,采用NC 交配设计研究了9个碾磨品质和外观品质性状的杂种优势及其相关性.结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米率、精米率和整精米率表现正向中亲优势,糙米长、糙米宽、糙米长宽比表现负向中亲优势,糙米厚无中亲优势.垩白粒率和垩白度的中亲优势最大.垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米率和精米率表现正向超亲优势,整精米率、糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚和糙米长宽比表现负向超亲优势.垩白度的超亲优势最大.相关分析表明,在糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度性状方面,F1杂种与其亲本值间无相关性,而除了垩白粒率外,与中亲优势和超亲优势间的相关均表现显著或极显著的正向水平.降低糙米长的超亲优势可明显增加整精米率的超亲优势,提高糙米长、糙米宽和糙米长宽比的超亲优势可明显增加垩白粒率和垩白度的超亲优势.     

具有隐性高秆基因的矮秆迟熟突变体"02428ha"的遗传分析

"02428ha"是从隐性高秆水稻"02428h"中发现的1个矮秆迟熟突变体。其抽穗期比02428h迟32d左右,株高降低60cm左右。遗传分析表明,02428ha矮秆性状的遗传涉及2对基因,而迟熟感光性则受1对显性基因控制。     

水稻卫星搭载突变性状考察和品系选育

利用我国返回式卫星搭载水稻品种“特籼占13”种子，回收后经多代的种植选择，选育出性状稳定的13个突变品系进行主要经济性状考察，结果表明：空间诱变突变品系的多个性状都发生了不同程度的变异，其中谷粒长宽比、穗长、穗粒数、小区产量等性状，品系间变异达到显著和极显著水平。讨论了水稻空间诱变性状变异改良的有效性，并从参试空间诱变突变品系中选育出多个性状同时产生突变得到改良的优质高产新品系。     

中国普通野生稻初级核心种质取样策略

以国家品种资源库编目入库的中国普通野生稻种质5571份为材料、19个分类和形态性状的数据比较研究了中国普通野生稻的核心种质总体取样比例和取样策略，以获得最佳初级核心种质。设3个总体取样比例5％、15％和25％，取样方案分3个层次即分组原则、组内取样比例和组内取样方法。分组原则为省、纬度、生长习性和单一性状及不分组的大随机；组内取样比例为对数法、平方根法、遗传多样性指数和简单比例法；组内取样采用随机和聚类2种方法。结果表明，当总体取样比例从5％增加到15％时，所取得核心种质的表型保留比例有比较大的增幅，而比例由15％增加到25％时，表型保留比例变化不大，因此认为15％的取样比例较为合适；取样方案以采集省份分组，组内以对数比例法聚类取样效果最好。最终根据这一方案在计算机上编程取样860份，其多样性指数为1．1015、变异系数为16．87，表型方差为0．8546。3个检测参数值比原始种质库都有明显的提高。此外，根据国家种质资源库表型数据人工定向取样60份，建立了920份材料的中国普通野生稻初级核心种质。     

重金属铊胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系草酸含量与铊吸收的关系

铊(Tl)作为一种非必需、高毒性重金属元素,会干扰植物的正常发育,并在食物链中引起严重的毒性积累.根系分泌有机酸在抗重金属污染中起着重要作用.为研究铊胁迫下的植物根系有机酸分泌特征与重金属吸收的关系,利用水培法对T胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)植株草酸分泌和Tl分布特征进行检测和分析,研究不同抑制剂对水稻...     

Potential for the alleviation of arsenic toxicity in paddy rice using amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide amendments

Abstract

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide (Am-FeOH) amendments on arsenic (As) availability and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BR28) irrigated with As-contaminated water. A rhizobag system was established using 3.5 L plastic pots, each containing one central compartment for plant growth, a middle compartment and an outside compartment. Three levels of laboratory-synthesized Am-FeOH (0, 0.1 and 0.5% w/w) were used to amend samples of the As-free sandy loam paddy soil placed into each compartment of the rhizobag system. The soils were submerged with a solution containing 5 mg L^?1 As(V). Two-week-old rice seedlings were planted in the central compartments and cultured for 9 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The addition of 0.1% Am-FeOH to the soil irrigated with As-contaminated water improved plant growth, reduced the As concentration in the plants and enhanced Fe-plaque formation on the root surfaces. Analysis of soil solution samples collected during the experiment revealed higher pH levels and lower redox potentials in the soils amended with Am-FeOH at the onset of soil submergence, but later the soil solution collected from the 0.1% Am-FeOH treatment was slightly acidic and more oxidized than the solution from the 0% treatment. This indicated active functioning of the roots in the soil treated with 0.1% Am-FeOH. The concentrations of As(III) in the soil solution collected from the central compartment were significantly reduced by the Am-FeOH amendments, whereas in the soil treated with 0% Fe, As(III) accumulated in the rhizosphere, particularly during the late-cultivation period. The improvement in plant growth and reduction in As uptake by plants growing in the Am-FeOH treated soil could be attributed to the reduction of available As in the soil solution, mainly as a result of the binding of As to the Fe-plaque on the root surfaces.     

Increased grain yield and biomass allocation in rice under cool night temperature

Abstract

The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO₂ fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield.