水稻中花11辐射突变体的分离与鉴定

利用伽玛射线对粳稻品种中花11进行辐照,以诱导广泛的形态突变体,为水稻功能基因组研究提供基础材料。辐射第1代单本移栽并实行单株收获;辐射第2代（M2）播种1万个家系,自苗期开始至成熟期各个生育阶段从中独立选获各类形态突变体540个;经M3复选获得包括叶、茎、穗和育性变化等各类突变体431份。统计结果表明,形态性状的突变频率为5.1%。关键词     

氮肥运筹对水稻植株不同形态氮素含量的影响

以桂朝2号和叠加占为试验材料,以总氮、蛋白氮、叶绿素氮、可溶性蛋白氮、Rubisco-N、游离氨基态氮为指标,研究了氮肥运筹对水稻植株不同形态氮素含量的影响。结果表明,上述形态氮素含量对氮肥运筹表现出相同的趋势,即水稻抽穗期和成熟期植株总氮、蛋白氮、叶绿素氮、可溶性蛋白氮、Rubisco-N、游离氨基态氮含量均随施氮水平提高而提高,在相同施氮量条件下,重施穗肥时其含量较高。氮肥运筹对不同形态氮素含量的影响程度是不同的,其中,对Rubisco-N和游离氨基态氮的影响明显。两个品种早晚季无论是抽穗期还是成熟期不同施氮水平下Rubisco-N和游离氨基态氮含量差异均达到显著或极显著水平。相关分析表明,早晚季抽穗期和成熟期水稻植株总氮含量与蛋白氮含量均呈极显著相关。     

水稻同源异形盒基因的研究进展

真核生物中同源异形盒基因是指共含一个保守的DNA序列的基因,即同源异形盒。该序列长180bp,编码含有60个左右氨基酸的同源异形盒结构域,编码一大类具有转录特征蛋白的基因家族,对于维持生物个体形态建成、生殖发育、非生物胁迫等基本生命活动功能具有十分重要的作用。近年来在模式植物拟南芥、水稻上已经识别并克隆出越来越多的同源异形盒基因,并根据这些基因的同源异型框和具有的其他保守基因结构域对其进行了正确的分类。本文基于人们对植物中现有这些基因的认识,重点综述了近年来对于水稻同源异型盒基因的分类、基因结构类比、各同源异型盒基因突变体功能,并对水稻中同源异形盒基因功能和应用研究进行了展望。     

杂交水稻种子不同活力测定方法与其田间成苗率的相关性

以3个杂交水稻品种不同活力水平的种子批为试验材料,比较了标准发芽试验、低温发芽测定和高温催芽试验3种活力测定方法,并将试验结果与田间成苗率进行相关性分析,发现标准发芽试验的发芽指标、低温发芽10 d的发芽率和高温催芽后的发芽率均与田间成苗率存在显著正相关关系,且高温催芽后的发芽率与田间成苗率相关系数最高。研究结果表明,高温催芽法可以作为杂交水稻种子活力测定的有效方法。     

水稻亚种间的亲和性研究

对160个亚种间F_1结实率的分析表明,籼稻 IR58和二九丰、粳稻秀水117和T8340具有较好的亚种间亲和性。43个粳稻品种分别与 IR58和二九丰测交,其成对 F_1的结实率随粳稻品种不同而出现 IR58/粳高于二九丰/粳、二九丰/粳高于 IR58/粳或两者相似的情形,其最大差值可达72.6个百分点。10个籼稻品种分别与秀水117和 T8340杂交,其F_1结实率均以秀水117/籼较高,成对F_1结实率的最大差值可达39.6个百分点。这表明不存在对亚种间品种均表现亲和性的“广亲和”品种,亲和性的广与狭只是相对的,既有一般亲和性,又有特殊亲和性。本研究发现4个受测品种的亲和性与色素基因之间不存在连锁或相关关系。     

Effects of transition season management on soil N dynamics and system N balances in rice–wheat rotations of Nepal

In the low-input rice–wheat production systems of Nepal, the N nutrition of both crops is largely based on the supply from soil pools. Declining yield trends call for management interventions aiming at the avoidance of native soil N losses. A field study was conducted at two sites in the lowland and the upper mid-hills of Nepal with contrasting temperature regimes and durations of the dry-to-wet season transition period between the harvest of wheat and the transplanting of lowland rice. Technical options included the return of the straw of the preceding wheat crop, the cultivation of short-cycled crops during the transition season, and combinations of both. Dynamics of soil N_min, nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and crop N uptake were studied throughout the year between 2004 and 2005 and partial N balances of the cropping systems were established. In the traditional system (bare fallow between wheat and rice) a large accumulation of soil nitrate N and its subsequent disappearance upon soil saturation occurred during the transition season. This nitrate loss was associated with nitrate leaching (6.3 and 12.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively) and peaks of nitrous oxide emissions (120 and 480 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively). Incorporation of wheat straw at 3 Mg ha⁻¹ and/or cultivation of a nitrate catch crop during the transition season significantly reduced the build up of soil nitrate and subsequent N losses at the low altitude site. At the high altitude site, cumulative grain yields increased from 2.35 Mg ha⁻¹ with bare fallow during the transition season to 3.44 Mg ha⁻¹ when wheat straw was incorporated. At the low altitude site, the cumulative yield significantly increased from 2.85 Mg ha⁻¹ (bare fallow) to between 3.63 and 6.63 Mg ha⁻¹, depending on the transition season option applied. Irrespective of the site and the land use option applied during the transition season, systems N balances remained largely negative, ranging from −37 to −84 kg N ha⁻¹. We conclude that despite reduced N losses and increased grain yields the proposed options need to be complemented with additional N inputs to sustain long-term productivity.     

几个籼稻品种的成熟胚愈伤组织植株再生体系的建立

组织培养技术在作物改良上的成功应用需要合适的植株再生体系。本试验以7个籼稻成熟胚为材料，通过优化激素配比，建立适合于水稻遗传转化的高频植株再生体系。研究结果表明，NB 2mg／L2，4-D适合于供试品种的成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导，诱导率达90％以上；在分化培养基中添加3．0-3．5mg／L KT，0．5～1．0mg／L NAA和5．0mg／L ABA的激素配比，明恢81、N175、航1号的最高分化率分别达72．7％、80．0％和78．0％；移栽成活95％以上。     

Irrigation and Zn fertilizer management improves Zn phyto‐availability in various rice production systems

Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its deficiency has been observed in various production systems. High grain Zn concentration is equally important for high rice yield and human health. In this work, the effects of Zn fertilization on seedling growth, grain yield, grain Zn concentration, and their association with root traits were studied under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), aerobic rice (AR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and continuous flooding (CF). Zinc fertilization (15 kg ha^?1) improved nursery seedlings chlorophyll and Zn concentrations, root length, and number of roots with highest values observed in CF. At harvesting, maximum plant height, panicle length, total and panicle bearing tillers, and kernel yield were found with Zn addition in AWD and CF rice systems. Mid season drainage provided at maximum tillering and Zn fertilization increased its concentration in leaves, culms, panicles, and grains under CF and AR at physiological maturity. Most of Zn applied was allocated into culms and panicles, nevertheless, a significant increase in grain Zn concentration was also observed in all production systems. Association of leaf Zn with grain Zn concentration was stronger than with culm and panicle Zn. The results indicate that Zn application after rice nursery transplanting is more important for grain Zn enrichment in all rice systems than for increase in grain yield in all systems except AWD where grain yield was also increased. More grain yield in CF and AWD as compared to SRI and AR can also be attributed to decreased spikelet sterility and to better Zn phyto‐availability in these rice systems at physiological maturity.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice under Two Nitrogen Sources

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced by N rate and varied with N sources. However, physiological and agrophysiological efficiencies were only influenced significantly by N sources. Overall, N recovery efficiency was 33% for ammonium sulfate and 37% for urea. Hence, the large amount of N lost from soil–plant system may be by denitrification or voltilization.     

水稻植株不同部位中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势的研究

为揭示三唑磷农药在水稻中的动态变化,研究了田间栽培条件下两个品种水稻（内2优6号和秀水09）不同组织部位中三唑磷分布和动态趋势。水稻抽穗前,经不同浓度三唑磷（2250、4500mL·hm-2）处理一次,分别于0、1、3、7、14、21、60d测定水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗等部位中三唑磷含量。结果表明,水稻叶片、叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均为随时间延长而逐渐降低,施药后第21d,2种水稻品种叶片中三唑磷的降解率均大于95%;水稻茎秆、穗中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均呈现单峰曲线变化,其含量随时间延长先增加后降低。水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗中三唑磷出现最高浓度的时间存在显著性差异,分别为施药后第0、0、1～3和21d,进一步表明,水稻叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布与叶片中相应过程具有一致性,而茎秆和穗中三唑磷含量动态分布与其在叶片和叶鞘中相应过程具有显著的滞后性。结合实际生产,水稻抽穗前应严格控制三唑磷的施用量和施用次数。