OsI2基因的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

在旱稻IRAT109干旱胁迫下cDNA芯片分析结果的基础上,通过RT-PCR,5'-RACE及3'-RACE方法,从IRAT109总RNA中扩增得到了干旱胁迫下芯片表达谱中上升表达强度第二的基因全长序列,命名为OsI2,全长有523 bp,并对基因序列结构进行了分析.该基因与全长cDNA文库中的CT836140.1有99%同源.OsI2基因编码产物对应1个包含57个氨基酸的开放阅读框(ORF),为一功能未知蛋白.其编码产物也可能对应两个中间相隔19 bp的较小ORFs(43个氨基酸和42个氨基酸),都是功能未知的蛋白.在pBI121载体的基础上,将OsI2基因与CaMV35S连接成功构建了pBl121-OsI2植物表达载体,为进一步研究其功能创造了条件.     

水稻籼粳分化研究进展

籼粳分化是水稻遗传分化的主流,而明晰水稻的起源演化和亲缘关系,对合理有效地利用种质资源和品种改良具有重要的参考价值.从形态学、生物化学和分子遗传学的角度阐述了国内外在不同时期对水稻籼粳分化相关研究取得的成果,总结了人们对于籼粳分化相关理论的认识,并对该领域研究存在的不足和发展趋势进行探讨.     

萘对松前水稻（OryzasativaCV．生理的影响及其残留Matsumae）生长和

以松前水稻为试验材料,研究了5种浓度萘污染土壤对松前水稻生长和生理生化指标的影响,以及植物成熟期时土壤中萘的残留。结果表明：①萘浓度低于20mg·kg^-1时促进幼苗茎径、茎长、株高的生长,高浓度对其生长有显著的抑制作用。②萘胁迫对水稻叶片游离脯氨酸和蛋白质代谢均有一定的影响,且影响程度以苗期最为明显,其次是分蘖期和拔节期;水稻幼苗阶段萘的高浓度组MDA累积量极显著高于对照,水稻幼苗阶段受到膜脂过氧化影响较为显著,分蘖期次之;拔节期水稻开始新生器官,抗性较弱,萘胁迫产生的过氧化作用超过了水稻的承受范围,使SOD活性显著降低。③在试验所设萘浓度范围内,水稻各生长期叶片叶绿素和光合作用速率均呈不同的变化趋势,但是变化幅度均不超过对照的±5％,说明萘胁迫对松前水稻的光合作用没有显著影响,水稻对萘胁迫有一定的耐受性。④经过水稻一个生长周期,萘在种子中的残留量最多,其次是根部,且土壤中萘各浓度组的残留量与对照组均无显著差异;水稻根部和种子中萘的含量均随萘浓度的增加呈先增加后逐渐降低趋势,但各浓度组均高于对照组,20mg·kg^-1时均达到最大值,分别为对照组的0．37倍、4．27倍。     

水稻植株不同部位中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势的研究

为揭示三唑磷农药在水稻中的动态变化,研究了田间栽培条件下两个品种水稻（内2优6号和秀水09）不同组织部位中三唑磷分布和动态趋势。水稻抽穗前,经不同浓度三唑磷（2250、4500mL·hm-2）处理一次,分别于0、1、3、7、14、21、60d测定水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗等部位中三唑磷含量。结果表明,水稻叶片、叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均为随时间延长而逐渐降低,施药后第21d,2种水稻品种叶片中三唑磷的降解率均大于95%;水稻茎秆、穗中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均呈现单峰曲线变化,其含量随时间延长先增加后降低。水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗中三唑磷出现最高浓度的时间存在显著性差异,分别为施药后第0、0、1～3和21d,进一步表明,水稻叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布与叶片中相应过程具有一致性,而茎秆和穗中三唑磷含量动态分布与其在叶片和叶鞘中相应过程具有显著的滞后性。结合实际生产,水稻抽穗前应严格控制三唑磷的施用量和施用次数。     

Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice under Two Nitrogen Sources

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced by N rate and varied with N sources. However, physiological and agrophysiological efficiencies were only influenced significantly by N sources. Overall, N recovery efficiency was 33% for ammonium sulfate and 37% for urea. Hence, the large amount of N lost from soil–plant system may be by denitrification or voltilization.     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

Irrigation and Zn fertilizer management improves Zn phyto‐availability in various rice production systems

Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its deficiency has been observed in various production systems. High grain Zn concentration is equally important for high rice yield and human health. In this work, the effects of Zn fertilization on seedling growth, grain yield, grain Zn concentration, and their association with root traits were studied under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), aerobic rice (AR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and continuous flooding (CF). Zinc fertilization (15 kg ha^?1) improved nursery seedlings chlorophyll and Zn concentrations, root length, and number of roots with highest values observed in CF. At harvesting, maximum plant height, panicle length, total and panicle bearing tillers, and kernel yield were found with Zn addition in AWD and CF rice systems. Mid season drainage provided at maximum tillering and Zn fertilization increased its concentration in leaves, culms, panicles, and grains under CF and AR at physiological maturity. Most of Zn applied was allocated into culms and panicles, nevertheless, a significant increase in grain Zn concentration was also observed in all production systems. Association of leaf Zn with grain Zn concentration was stronger than with culm and panicle Zn. The results indicate that Zn application after rice nursery transplanting is more important for grain Zn enrichment in all rice systems than for increase in grain yield in all systems except AWD where grain yield was also increased. More grain yield in CF and AWD as compared to SRI and AR can also be attributed to decreased spikelet sterility and to better Zn phyto‐availability in these rice systems at physiological maturity.     

水稻叶片形态建成分子调控机制研究进展

叶片形态是水稻“理想株型”的重要组成部分,是当前水稻高产育种关注的重点。本文通过对已克隆多个叶形相关调控基因综述了水稻叶片形态(叶片卷曲度、倾角、披散程度以及叶片宽度)建成的分子遗传学研究进展。综合分析认为,水稻叶片的卷曲主要是通过卷叶基因调控叶片近轴/远轴间的发育、泡状细胞的发育及其膨胀和渗透压、厚壁组织的形成以及叶片角质层的发育等来实现。影响植株空间伸展姿态的叶倾角主要通过叶角基因调控油菜素内酯的信号传导来影响叶枕细胞的生长发育;唯一被克隆的影响叶片披垂度的披叶基因DL1是通过控制叶片中脉发育而改变叶片形态的;而窄叶基因则主要通过调控生长素的合成与极性运输、维管组织的发育和分布,影响叶片维管束数目及宽度。但到目前为止,所有已克隆的叶形调控基因间相互调控关系的研究还不够深入,还不能完整清晰地勾勒水稻叶形建成和发育的分子调控网络。因此,在已有的研究基础上更深入地探索水稻叶片形态建成的分子调控机制,对进一步构建相关的调控网络,塑造水稻理想株型具有重要意义。     

水稻育性调控相关基因RNAi载体的构建及其表型鉴定

利用RNAi干扰技术研究不同基因对花粉发育、卵细胞发育和合子胚发育的影响是一种重要的手段。本研究通过筛选水稻在生殖发育过程中的9个重要调控基因,构建基因的RNAi表达载体,分析转基因植株育性及相关性状表型,以期探明RNAi表达载体对靶标性状的干扰效应。其中,AT61~AT63、AT64~AT66、AT67~AT69表达载体分别靶标花粉育性、卵细胞发育以及合子胚发育的调控。结果表明,除RNAi表达载体AT64没有获得转基因植株外,其余8个RNAi表达载体均获得了转基因植株;对T0代转基因植株的花粉育性、结实率以及潮霉素筛选(40 mg/L)发芽率检测的统计结果显示,RNAi表达载体AT62(花粉发育调控)、AT65(卵细胞发育调控)和AT67(合子胚发育调控)的干扰效应较强。本研究结果将为创制新型水稻基因工程不育系提供策略和选择。     

03-19-程旺大-密穗型水稻的研究现状及展望

水稻密穗型品种通过“扩库”使产量水平有了较大提高，其育成和推广在近20a来浙江省晚粳稻品种改良及增产中起了重要作用。分析了密穗型品种的形态学特征及其生理生态特性，从群体小气候环境、物质的生产和分配、产量结构、稻曲病的发生及稻米品质和灌浆特性等方面进行了讨论。在此基础上，对密穗型水稻的研究作了展望，认为应继续加大形态类型创新和育种基础材料的创新，开展不同类型品种源库关系的研究，以及不同类型品种品质差异及其形成机理的研究。