Biotransformation of clomazone in rice (Oryza sativa) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides)

Rice (Oryza sativa), a relatively tolerant species, and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides; EWG), a relatively susceptible species, were exposed to ¹⁴C-labeled clomazone to determine accumulation, biotransformation, and mass balance. On a total mass basis, rice absorbed more clomazone than EWG (p < 0.05), but on a nmol/g basis, there was no significant difference between the two species (p > 0.05). Rice contained more extractable ¹⁴C residues (7.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.5 nmol in rice vs. EWG, respectively; p < 0.5), but the concentration in EWG was significantly higher (4.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 nmol/g in EWG vs. rice, respectively; p < 0.01). More metabolized residue was measured in EWG compared to rice (84.1% vs. 67.9%; p < 0.01). Both species produced hydroxylated forms, β-d-glucoside conjugates, and several other unidentified polar metabolites, but EWG generally produced higher metabolite concentrations. The concentration of the suspected active metabolite, 5-ketoclomazone, was significantly higher in EWG vs. rice (21 ± 2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.5 pmol/g, respectively; p < 0.01). Differences in sensitivity to clomazone between rice and EWG appear to be due to differential metabolism, but in this case the more susceptible EWG qualitatively and quantitatively metabolized more clomazone than the more tolerant rice. This is consistent with the action of a metabolically activated herbicide. This metabolic difference could be exploited to develop herbicide safeners for use with clomazone.     

东乡野生稻原产地蜘蛛群落结构动态研究

调查表明,东乡野生稻原产保护地蜘蛛群落优势科为狼蛛科、跳蛛科、管巢蛛科、球蛛科、肖蛸科,相对丰度分别为0.5010、0.1529、0.0785、0.0657、0.0559、0.0399、0.0392,其丰盛度总和达0.8540,构成了蜘蛛群落的主要成分;巨蟹蛛科为稀有科。优势种为拟水狼蛛、沟渠豹蛛、中华狼蛛、横窝希蛛、黄斑纯蛛、白纹舞蛛、微菱头蛛、柔弱锯螯蛛,其相对丰盛度分别为0.1802、0.1209、0.0833、0.0589、0.0484、0.0445、0.0417、0.0413,丰盛度总和达0.6192,埃比熊蛛等为稀有种。调查还表明,不同时期的物种丰富度变化不明显,但在6～7月间,群落中物种丰富度相对较高,各物种种群发生数量大,分布相对均匀,优势种不突出,群落结构较合理,均匀度和多样性指数较高。     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

Characterizing Submergence Survival Strategy in Rice Via Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Rice plants cope with flash floods using either an ‘escape strategy’ involving rapid shoot elongation or a ‘quiescence strategy’ involving survival underwater with minimal activity. To clarify the differences in the response of leaf photosynthesis properties to conditions during and after submergence, two rice cultivars were compared: a non‐shoot‐elongating cultivar IR 67520‐B‐14‐1‐3‐2‐2 (IR67520) and a shoot‐elongating cultivar IR72442‐6B‐3‐2‐1‐1 (IR72442). Twenty‐three‐day‐old seedlings were submerged in 80‐cm‐deep water for 14 days. During submergence, the chlorophyll contents of the upper fully expanded leaf (5th leaf) and newly developed leaf later (6th leaf) and the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) of the fifth leaf decreased earlier in IR72442 than in IR67520. In the submerged sixth leaf, F_v/F_m was higher in IR72442 than in IR67520 at early measurement. Although F_v/F_m of the sixth leaf in submerged IR67520 increased substantially from 2 days post‐submergence, IR72442 decreased because of leaf chlorosis. Therefore, a non‐shoot‐elongating cultivar coped with submergence by inhibiting photodamage and maintaining high chlorophyll content in the leaves. The shoot‐elongating cultivar was able to maintain the photosynthetic capacity of the newly developed leaf during submergence by prompt reduction of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence in the leaf that developed before submergence.     

Bulked Segregant Analysis to Detect QTL Related to Heat Tolerance in Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Using SSR Markers

The study was undertaken to assess the genetic effect of quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring heat tolerance at flowering stage in rice. A population consisting of 279 F2 individuals from the cross between 996, a heat tolerant cultivar and 4628, a heat-sensitive cultivar, was analyzed for their segregation pattern of the difference of seed set rate under optimal temperature condition and high temperature condition. The difference of seed set rate under optimal temperature condition and high temperature condition showed normal distribution, indicating the polygenic control over the trait. To identify main effect of QTL for heat tolerance, the parents were surveyed with 200 primer pairs of simple sequence repeats （SSR）. The parental survey revealed 30% polymorphism between parents. In order to detect the main QTL association with heat tolerance, a strategy of combining the DNA pooling from selected segregants and genotyping was adopted. The association of putative markers identified based on DNA pooling from selected segregants was established by single marker analysis （SMA）. The results of SMA revealed that SSR markers, RM3735 on chromosome 4 and RM3586 on chromosome 3 showed significant association with heat tolerance respectively, accounted for 17 and 3% of the total variation respectively. The heat tolerance during flowering stage in rice was controlled by multiple gene. The SSR markers, RM3735 on chromosome 4 and RM3586 on chromosome 3 showed significant association with heat tolerance respectively, accounted for 17 and 3% of the total variation respectively. The two genetic loci, especially for RM3735 on chromosome 4, can be used in marker-assistant-selected method in heat tolerance breeding in rice.     

Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Root Function in Rice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5°C (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37°C. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32°C. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.     

硅营养对UV-B辐射条件下水稻酚类代谢的影响

本研究在不同硅营养条件下，探讨了UV-B辐射增强对两个供试水稻品种(Lemont和Dular)硅营养特性和酚代谢物质的影响。结果表明：(1)在缺硅营养和UV-B辐射胁迫下，Lemont的硅营养吸收能力和生理利用率都比Dular强。（2）不同硅营养条件下，UV-B辐射胁迫促使Lemont叶片的PAL、PPO、 POD、CAT活性增强，总酚、类黄酮和绿原酸含量升高，而可溶性蛋白质含量降低；上述指标在Dular叶片中也表现出相同的变化趋势。但在缺硅营养和UV-B辐射共同胁迫下，Lemont表现出较强的酚类合成能力。（3）硅营养有利于水稻酚类代谢物质的积累，以减少UV-B辐射的伤害。综上所述，Lemont与Dular之间硅营养特性的不同，可能是引起两个供试水稻的酚类代谢差异，从而表现出对UV-B辐射抗性不同的原因之一。     

Impact of weedy rice populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice

To examine the impact of weedy rice ( Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea ) populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice ( Oryza sativa ), a field experiment with a random two-factor design that included cultivation methods (direct-seeding and transplanting) and the density of weedy rice (0, 5, 25, and 125 plants per m²) was conducted. The data from the experiment showed that weedy rice had a significantly poorer performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields in terms of its vegetative (plant height) and reproductive traits (panicle and seed production). In contrast, with the interference of weedy rice, cultivated rice showed an improved performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields, with a significantly higher tiller production and grain yield. The results suggest that cultivated rice can tolerate more successfully the infestation of weedy rice in direct-seeded fields because of its enhanced competitive ability compared to that in transplanted fields.     

半糯粳稻品种核心标记的筛选及DNA指纹图谱的构建

目的 构建一套基于水稻重要性状基因标记的品种DNA指纹鉴定体系,为加强主栽优良食味半糯粳稻品种的种质管理与品种保护奠定基础。方法 以34个江浙沪主栽优良食味半糯粳稻品种为供试材料,通过已知标记多态性鉴定、公共数据库基因序列比对、基因组重测序等多种方法对水稻重要性状调控基因的关键差异位点进行筛选,开发核心SNP或InDel标记;利用As-PCR技术将SNP标记发展为依据电泳条带鉴别的简单PCR标记,通过电泳条带特征化和类型分析获得基因型信息,构建半糯粳稻品种的DNA指纹图谱库。结果 筛选出来源于40个水稻重要性状调控基因的54个核心标记,包括18个SNP标记和36个InDel标记;54个标记在20个品种中共检测到155个有效特征化条带,转化为155个0/1数据位点,建立各品种的DNA指纹数据库,可区分全部供试品种。遗传多样性分析表明,品种间遗传相似性变异范围为0.47—0.90,其中,南粳7718与苏香粳100的相似性系数最小,而南粳9308与南粳9036的相似性系数最大,二者存在8个数据位点差异。亲缘关系分析可将供试品种划分为6个分支,其中,南粳7718为独立分支,表明其与其他品种间的亲缘关系较远。核心标记鉴定效果的进一步验证表明,该套标记可以对14个半糯粳稻新品种进行有效区分,聚类图显示其分布于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ 3个类群,证实各品种间基因型信息的差异性;并利用该套标记鉴定了一个未知半糯水稻的品种真实性,根据基因型和聚类分析,将其判定为南粳9108。结论 经优化筛选,获得可准确区分当前主推半糯粳稻品种的54个核心标记,并发展为可电泳检测的简单PCR标记,利用该套标记组合构建了34个江浙沪地区主栽优良食味半糯粳稻品种的DNA指纹图谱。