不同氮磷水平下盐角草生长及盐分累积特征分析

通过增施氮磷肥提高盐生植物生物量与盐分含量以实现盐分的高吸收累积对重盐渍化地区生态恢复意义重大。基于此,本研究在新疆南疆重盐化土壤上采用田间试验方法就不同氮磷施用水平对盐角草生长以及盐分吸收累积的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,施氮能显著提高盐角草的生物量、种子产量、各盐分离子累积量及全盐累积量,其中施225 kg/hm²氮肥时,盐角草每年可从土壤中吸收11 534.39 kg/hm²盐分,是不施氮肥的4.07倍,Na⁺、Cl^-与SO₄^2-累积量也分别是对照的3.53,4.22和4.74倍;磷肥对盐角草地上生物量、根系生物量和种子产量无显著影响,但明显提高了盐角草茎秆、同化枝全盐累积量和地上部总的全盐累积量;氮磷施用在一定程度上可以提高盐角草同化枝和种子中的氮含量,而对茎秆含氮量和地上各部分磷含量无明显影响,说明氮磷肥配施可改善盐角草的氮营养状况;增施氮肥可显著提高盐角草茎秆与同化枝中的盐分浓度,并明显降低种子中的盐分浓度。磷肥施用也可明显提高茎秆中盐分浓度,但对同化枝与种子盐分浓度无明显影响;氮、磷肥的肥料效果对比可以发现,在试验区盐化土壤上氮肥是制约盐角草生长和盐分累积的限制性因子,加强氮素养分管理在应用盐角草改良盐碱土上有着重要的作用。     

The molecular structure features-immune stimulatory activity of arabinoxylans derived from the pentosan faction of wheat flour

Recently, the immune stimulation properties of cereal arabinoxylans (AX) have been reported. The aims of this study were to identify the molecular features and potential immune stimulation activities of AX and enzymatic modified arabinoxylan (AXE) from the pentosan fraction of wheat flour.The results of molecular characterization of AX and AXE show that AXE contains a larger portion (85.7%) of low Mw arabinoxylans (≤25 kDa) and has a higher degree of branch substitution (0.81 ± 0.01) compared to AX (49.5% and 0.62 ± 0.02). In in vitro testing, the ability of AX and AXE to stimulate immune cells, as measured by NO₂⁻ production by U937 cells and IL-8 secretion by Caco-2 cells were found to be dose–dependent in the range tested (100–5000 μg/mL p ≤ 0.05). AXE showed a greater activity at each concentration (100–5000 μg/mML) than AX (p ≤ 0.05).In conclusion, the greater immune stimulating activity of AXE may be associated with its low Mw (≤25 kDa) and a higher degree of branch substitution (0.81 ± 0.01).     

Root growth of cultivated and “wild” olive in response to potassium mineral nutrition

Nutrient availability affects root growth. The effect of potassium (K) level on the root growth, weight, and elongation, as well as on nutrient content of the olive genotypes “Megaritiki,” “wild” olive, “Chondrolia Chalkidikis,” “Biancolilla,” and K utilization efficiency was investigated. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was carried out in the farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Three treatments were used: T1, that is, 25% modified Hoagland nutrient solution without K in distilled water, T2: 25% modified Hoagland nutrient solution with 0.2 mM K in distilled water, and T3: 25% modified Hoagland nutrient solution with 1.5 mM K in distilled water. K concentration had no significant effect on root growth of olive genotypes. The maximum root elongation was observed in the “wild olive,” in the T3 treatment, and the minimum in “Biancolilla,” in the T1 treatment. K utilization efficiency significantly differed between K treatments for the same genotype, as well as among genotypes for the same K treatment, following the order: Megaritiki > wild olive > Chondrolia Chalkidikis > Biancolilla. Finally, significant differences were found with regard to the effect of K treatment and olive genotype on many macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations in leaves and roots.     

玉龙油橄榄介壳虫种类及发生规律

2012年1月至2014年6月,在玉龙县对危害油橄榄(Olea europaea)的介壳虫种类、发生规律、天敌种类进行调查.结果表明:玉龙县油橄榄介壳虫种类主要有蚧科的橄榄黑盔蚧(Saissetia oleae)、盾蚧科的红圆蚧(Aonidiella aurantii )和矢尖蚧(Unaspis yanonensis);每年4月、10月为介壳虫的发生高峰期;3种介壳虫的捕食性天敌主要有黑缘红瓢虫(Chilocorus rubidus)和红点唇瓢虫(C. kuwanae).     

Salt tolerance evaluation of nine indigenous Greek olive cultivars

The present work was aimed to evaluate nine Greek olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars for tolerance to sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity, most of which have never been evaluated or considered to be extinct, in order to be used in the future as olive rootstocks in areas with salt toxicity problems.One-year old, self-rooted trees of the cultivars ‘Aetonicholia Kynourias,’ ‘Arvanitolia Serron,’ ‘Ntopia Atsicholou,’ ‘Koroneiki,’ ‘Lefkolia Serron,’ ‘Ntopia Pierias,’ ‘Petrolia Serron,’ ‘Smertolia,’ and ‘Chrysophylli’ were subjected to 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl, for six months, in nutrient solution pot experiment. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized factorial design with four replications (of one tree), with the factors being the cultivar (nine levels) and the salt concentration (four levels). According to plant growth parameter results, ‘Arvanitolia Serron’ followed by ‘Lefkolia Serron’ were found to be the most salt tolerant cultivars to growth reduction. The same cultivars accumulated less sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in the leaves by retaining more ions in the roots. Moreover, ‘Arvanitolia Serron’ was able to maintain high potassium (K) levels and K/Na ratio in younger leaves under salinity.     

枯草芽孢杆菌产脂肽的发酵条件优化

[目的]优化枯草芽孢杆菌产脂肽的发酵条件,提高枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC21332脂肽产量。[方法]利用较低成本的底物对枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC21332进行发酵优化。[结果]枯草芽孢杆菌在葡萄糖浓度9 g/L、豆粕浓度40 g/L、接种量5%、装液量120 mL(500 mL容量瓶)、温度30°C、转速150 r/min、发酵时间120 h时,脂肽产量最高,为4 885.1 mg/L,比添加活性炭载体的最高产量3 600.0 mg/L增加了35.70%。通过测定发酵过程中不同时间段发酵液中氨基酸含量,发现在81 h时谷氨酸含量急剧增大,添加谷氨酸可使脂肽产量达954.0 mg/L,相比不添加谷氨酸的培养基可使脂肽产量增加近6倍。[结论]该研究为工业化生产提供新思路。     

Solarization of soil in piles for the control of Meloidogyne incognita in olive nurseries in southern Spain

The potential of solarization to control Meloidogyne incognita in piles of soil used at olive nurseries in southern Spain was studied in 1999 and 2000. Kaolin and soil infested with free eggs and egg masses of the nematode in nylon bags were buried 20 and 40 cm deep inside conical piles of soil 80 cm high and with a base diameter of 1 m. Soil piles were solarized for 3 weeks in July and August. The effect of various periods of solarization was assessed by egg hatch bioassays in sterile water, and by infectivity to tomato plants. Maximum soil temperature at 20 cm depth in solarized piles was 47·4°C in 1999 and 48·2°C in 2000, compared with 32·9°C and 31·7°C in nonsolarized piles. Solarization reduced egg hatch by > 95% compared with nonsolarized samples, irrespective of type, burial depth and location of inocula in a soil pile. Egg hatch of egg mass-infested samples buried at 20 cm depth was higher than that of free eggs buried at the same depth. The differential effect associated with burial depth and type of inoculum was not found in solarized piles. In nonsolarized piles, hatch of free eggs from samples buried at 40 cm depth was higher than that from samples buried at 20 cm depth. Egg hatch in samples from solarized piles was lower than that from nonsolarized piles. A bioassay of tomato plants in 2000 confirmed the reduction in infectivity of free eggs buried in solarized soil piles. Under the conditions in southern Spain, solarization of 40 cm-high piles of soil for 3 weeks can therefore be used for the control of root-knot nematodes in potting soil for olive nursery production.     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

基于SRAP标记的油橄榄品种遗传多样性分析

[目的]油橄榄作为重要的油料经济作物,其健康价值越来越受到人们的重视,相关产业在我国已初具规模.引种品种混乱和遗传关系不明确影响了我国油橄榄事业的进一步发展,因此我国油橄榄品种的遗传变异有待评估.[方法]采用SRAP技术对32个来自四川西昌市的油橄榄品种进行遗传多样性分析,其中5个油橄榄品种为国内育种品种,27个油橄榄品种为国外引种品种.利用改良的CTAB法提取得到32个油橄榄品种的基因组DNA.[结果]25对SRAP引物共扩增出293条多态性条带,平均每对引物扩增出11.72条多态性条带,平均多态性比率为90.75％;引物组合M5E5扩增出的多态性条带最多(37条);期望杂合度(He)为0.804～0.958(平均0.896),多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.773～0.955(平均0.884),一致性概率(PI)为0.004～0.067(平均0.024).筛选得到的25对SRAP引物扩增条带多态性好,具有更强的鉴别能力.基于UPGMA法的聚类分析结果显示,所有品种分为3大类,品种间的遗传相似性为0.59～0.89(平均0.74),遗传相似性最高的2个品种(‘希腊3号’和‘配多灵’)为0.89.国内育种品种分布于不同的类群中,‘中山24’为通过‘阿斯’实生选优而来的,二者在形态学和遗传学方面均有较高的相似性,进一步证实了国内品种育种途径以及与国外品种的亲缘关系.‘哥朗米扎’与‘未知米扎’聚在一类,‘希腊3号’与‘配多灵’聚在一类,且遗传相似性系数最高.主坐标分析(PCA)显示,所有油橄榄品种可分为3个群体,累计贡献率为20.4％.UPGMA分析中的第Ⅱ类的所有品种都聚在PCA分析的Group I内,两者分析结果一致.[结论]综合不同油橄榄品种形态学(果质量、含油率、叶片形状等)和遗传学数据(育种背景、遗传相似性系数等)分析,部分引种品种的分类并未按照其地理起源来划分,而是由其遗传学和形态学数据共同来决定的.由以上结果可知,SRAP标记技术用于分析油橄榄遗传多样性简便、可靠.油橄榄遗传多样性比较丰富,我国引种油橄榄品种存在同种异名、命名混乱、受外界影响存在高度的遗传变异等情况.今后要加大运用SRAP和其他一些新型分子标记对油橄榄进行遗传多样性分析和种质鉴定,开辟基因定位和功能鉴定新途径,加大遗传图谱构建的密度和遗传距离;将传统育种方法与分子标记相结合,缩短育种年限,提高育种效率.     

油橄榄叶中脂溶性成分的超临界CO2萃取及其鉴定

采用超临界CO2技术,以无水乙醇为夹带剂对油橄榄叶进行提取,提取物用石油醚萃取,石油醚层浓缩后进行甲酯化,以GC-MS联用结合相对保留时间鉴定脂溶性成分的组成,采用面积归一化法测定它们在样品中的相对含量.通过单因素和正交试验研究,得到提取优化条件为:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度45℃,分离温度45℃,萃取时间4h,CO2流量30 kg,/h.在此条件下,脂溶性成分的得率为2.61％.GC-MS分析结果表明:油橄榄叶的25种脂溶性成分被GC分离;21种被MS鉴定,占色谱总馏分出峰面积的91.35％.其中有11种为饱和脂肪酸类化合物,7种为不饱和脂肪酸类化合物,2种为酯类物质,1种为酮类物质,分别占色谱总馏分出峰面积的27.88％,60.99％,2.32％和0.16％.油橄榄叶中的脂溶性成分以不饱和脂肪酸为主.