海口林场油橄榄产业发展前景展望

油橄榄是世界上以自然状态的形式供人类食用的木本植物,一次栽种,百年受益。介绍海口林场油橄榄的发展历史和现状。海口林场发展油橄榄产业有利于林业产业结构调整,推动当地经济发展。文章分析了油橄榄产业发展中存在的问题及采取的措施。从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益3方面对海口林场油橄榄产业发展前景进行了展望。     

Variability and early selection on the seedling stage for agronomic traits in progenies from olive crosses

Yield per tree, ripening date and oil content components (fruit fresh weight, flesh moisture, flesh/stone ratio both on fresh and dry weight basis, flesh and fruit oil content on dry weight basis) have been studied during 3 years in seedlings from crosses among the olive cultivars ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Picual’. Genetic and environmental variances and year‐to‐year consistency of data were estimated. Most of the traits evaluated showed a range of variability as large or even larger than either the range observed in a random sample of cultivars from the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba or the range reported in the evaluation of olive cultivars collections. Between‐years correlation coefficients showed that for a character such as oil content the values obtained in the first year could be reliable indicators of the values obtained in following years. Observations over 2 years may be required for characters such as fruit weight or flesh/stone ratio on a fresh weight basis and even more than 2 years may be required to estimate yield per tree.     

Isolation of triploid and tetraploid olive (Olea europaea L.) plants from mixoploid cv. 'Frantoio' and 'Leccino' mutants by in vivo and in vitro selection

This paper reports a procedure for isolating triploid and tetraploid olive plants, which have not been produced before either artificially or in nature. These polyploids were isolated from two mixoploid somatic mutants obtained earlier by treating Trantoio' and ‘Leccino’ plantlets with gamma radiation. The mixoploid mutants exhibit increased thickness of leaf, stem and root tissues, short internodes, a modified leaf lamina shape and a strong resistance to Spilocaea oleagina (Cast.) Hugh. In addition, they produce a mixture of normal drupes and some abnormally large ones, almost twice normal size. The variation in the nuclear DNA content of the mixoploid mutants is closely correlated with variation in their pollen size, crop capacity and the production of large fruit. Triploid genotypes with 69 chromosomes were isolated by germinating the seeds of these large fruits, collected from both the mixoploid mutants. Tetraploid plantlets, with 92 chromosomes, were obtained from cv. ‘Frantoio’ by selecting in vitro, during several proliferation phases, the shoots with obvate leaf shape which occurred among the shoots with normal lanceolate or intermediate leaf shape.     

不同成熟度油橄榄果实表观与内在品质变化及相关性分析

为了明确不同成熟度油橄榄果实表观性状与内在品质的变化规律和相关性,以豆果、皮瓜尔、鄂植8号、莱星6个成熟度的果实为试验材料,对果实大小、颜色等8个表观指标以及含油率、脂肪酸组分、还原糖、总酚、总黄酮含量等内在品质指标进行测定,并对各指标间进行相关性分析。结果表明,4个品种油橄榄果实各指标随着成熟度的增加,呈现一定的变化规律,其中随着成熟度的增加,亮度值(L^*值)、红绿值(a^*值)、黄蓝值(b^*值)均先增大后减小,横径增大,纵径变化不显著,横径增长速度大于纵径,果形指数变小,含油率升高,表明果实外观逐渐变圆;还原糖含量先降低后升高,总酚、总黄酮含量在第Ⅰ成熟度时显著高于其他5个成熟度,豆果、皮瓜尔、鄂植8号的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)与多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值越来越接近1∶1∶1。不同成熟度油橄榄的含油率与脂肪酸比值、还原糖、总酚含量、果形指数以及果实横径存在相关关系,且与a^*值、总黄酮含量呈极显著相关,相关系数最高分别为0.73、-0.84;a^*值与还原糖含量呈显著负相关,与总酚、总黄酮含量极显著负相关;总黄酮含量与SFA、PUFA呈显著负相关,与总酚含量、MUFA、还原糖含量、果形指数、L^*值、b^*值呈显著正相关。综合变化规律和相关性分析结果认为,油橄榄果实a^*值和总黄酮含量可以代表大部分指标用于进行果实品质检测。本研究结果可为后续机械采收识别系统采集指标数据提供理论依据。     

盐角草Cu/Zn-SOD基因的克隆及耐盐性分析

盐角草(Salicornia europaea)是一种典型的耐盐植物,为了研究盐角草Cu/Zn-SOD基因在的盐胁迫耐受中的机制,本研究利用已知植物Cu/Zn-SOD基因的保守序列设计简并引物,采用RACE技术的方法从盐角草中扩增获得Cu/Zn-SOD基因。使用生物学软件分析其氨基酸序列,并进行同源性比对。构建原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli),使目的蛋白在重组菌中表达,并分析了不同盐浓度并含有抗生素的液体LB培养基中菌的生长情况,IPTG诱导表达,通过测定OD600值来分析Cu/Zn-SOD基因的耐盐功能。结果通过简并引物PCR扩增和RACE技术,克隆出盐角草Cu/Zn-SOD基因。盐角草Cu/Zn-SOD基因(GenBank登录号:JQ074238.2)全长为660bp,开放阅读框长为459bp,推测编码152个氨基酸,蛋白分子量约为15.1kD,其氨基酸序列与碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)的序列相似性为96%,与黄灯笼辣椒(Capsicum chinense)的序列相似性为88%。生物学软件分析表明Cu/Zn-SOD蛋白可能存在于细胞质。构建原核表达载体pET-Cu/Zn-SOD和对照pETDuet-1,转化大肠杆菌BL21中。蛋白经IPTG诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳检测发现表达蛋白条带大小与预期一致,说明目的蛋白成功表达。耐盐性分析表明重组菌BL21(pET-Cu/Zn-SOD)在高盐度培养基中的生长明显优于对照菌BL21(pETDuet-1),说明盐角草Cu/Zn-SOD基因可能在盐胁迫逆境中起到耐受性作用。     

氮肥对盐角草生长及矿质灰分累积的影响

在新疆南疆重盐化土壤上采用田间试验方法及完全随机区组设计,研究了不同氮肥施用水平(0、75、150和225 kg/hm2)对盐角草生长以及矿质灰分吸收累积的影响.结果表明,施用氮肥能显著提高盐角草的地上部各部分生物量、根系干重、种子产量及总灰分累积量,其中施用225 kg/hm2氮肥时,盐角草每年可从土壤中带走8 43...     

Composition and biological activity of the essential oil from Thapsia minor, a new source of geranyl acetate

The essential oils from aerial parts of Thapsia minor Hoffmanns. & Link (Apiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by gas-chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxygenated monoterpenes represented the main fraction with geranyl acetate (82.3-83.0%) as the major constituent, making this plant a good source of this compound.Biological activity of the essential oil was evaluated against several fungal strains. The highest activity was found against dermatophyte strains, Crytococcus neoformans and Candida guillermondii with minimal inhibitory concentrations values from 0.32 μl/ml to 1.25 μl/ml. The antifungal activity could be associated with the significant contribution of the oxygenated monoterpene geranyl acetate.Furthermore, this essential oil demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory in vitro activity, at concentrations that did not affect macrophages and keratinocytes viability, being the anti-inflammatory properties of the oil mainly due to geranyl acetate.These favorable results emphasize the antifungal and anti-inflammatory abilities of the molecule geranyl acetate and further support the exploitation of T. minor oil for pharmaceutical industry, in order to find new phytopharmaceuticals.     

PP333提高干旱胁迫下油橄榄幼苗叶片细胞膜保护系统的机制

以油橄榄（品种为弗奥）一年生幼苗为试验材料,喷施66．7 mg／L的多效唑（PP333）于油橄榄幼苗叶片表面,每株喷施量为100 mL,且设置对照（喷施相同量的蒸馏水）,随后停止浇水,分别取干旱胁迫0,2,7 d的油橄榄幼苗叶片进行各项生理生化指标的测定及比较分析,以期探讨干旱胁迫下叶面喷施多效唑对油橄榄幼苗叶片细胞膜保护系统的影响。结果表明,当干旱胁迫（停止浇水7 d）使细胞膜受到显著破坏时,叶片喷施PP333显著减轻了细胞膜损伤程度,其细胞膜稳定指数比对照（叶片喷施对应量的蒸馏水）高41．5％;研究结果还显示,干旱胁迫下叶面喷施PP333相对减小了油橄榄叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量下降幅度,显著提高了脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,进一步提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,抑制MDA含量、O2·－产生速率和H2 O2含量升高的幅度,提高了Vc和还原型谷胱甘肽这2种重要抗氧化物质的含量。可见,干旱胁迫下叶面喷施PP333能通过相对提高干旱胁迫下叶片的抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质及渗透调节物质含量,减轻了光合色素含量的下降和活性氧、自由基的累积,由此加强了对油橄榄幼苗叶片细胞膜的保护。     

Seasonal changes of macro- and micro-nutrients concentration in olive leaves

Leaves of olive (Olea europaea var. minor rotunda) were collected from mature non-irrigated trees in an “off” year, at monthly intervals, from May 2015 to April 2016. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were determined. Seasonal fluctuation curves were developed for each nutrient, in order to use them for interpretation of leaf analysis. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg showed significant fluctuation throughout the year, while B, Fe, Mn and Zn showed less intense changes. Nutrient accumulation varied according to tree vegetative growth and weather conditions.     

迪庆州干暖河谷区油橄榄栽培管理技术

于1996~2000年在云南省迪庆州德钦县奔子栏镇进行了油橄榄无性繁殖试验,总结出了扦插育苗、林地选择、品种选择及配置、栽植密度及栽培方法、肥水管理、整形修剪、预防冻害、病虫害防治等方面的栽培管理技术措施,并分析了油橄榄在该地区的造林前景.