Tree plantations on farms: Evaluating growth and potential for success

Interest in native species is growing across the tropics as reforestation of degraded lands becomes more widespread. In this study four tree species native to Panama - Cedrela odorata, Pachira quinata, Samanea saman, and Tabebuia rosea - were grown on rural farms at two dry tropical sites in Panama for up to five years. Survivorship and growth data at these “on-farm” trials are compared to data recorded from nearby experimental or “species selection” trial sites and evaluated in terms of soil fertility and management. Participant farmers were also asked about their interest in planting trees in general as well as their interest in 61 species grown in the species selection trial.Although, on-farm survivorship was variable and generally lower than that found on the species selection trial, one species (S. saman) experienced high and consistent survivorship. High survivorship combined with growth data from farms at both sites for this species suggests it would be a good candidate for extension projects working with rural farmers. Survivorship of other species appears more sensitive to farmer management and/or local site conditions. Generally lower growth on the Los Santos farms as compared to the species-selection trial is attributed to the lower soil fertility (plant available P) at the on-farm sites compared to the species selection trial. In contrast, only one species - P. quinata - had a growth variable found to be significantly lower between the on-farm and species selection trial sites in Rio Hato. C. odorata, P. quinata T. rosea can all be used in on-farm conditions with consideration to specific site and management conditions.By 2009, approximately 80% of the farmers planting trees still wished to participate in tree planting activities. All of the farmers no longer wishing to continue with the project expressed slow growth rates of trees as a principal reason. All but one of these farmers had growth rates for his/her trees markedly below those of the species selection trial nearby. Some farmers wishing to continue had very high mortality rates (>70% for all species), suggesting non-tangible benefits for participating in project activities. Other species that were not tested on-farm but grew well in the species-selection trials and were of interest to local farmers are discussed.As long as specific site and management conditions are carefully considered, data from species selection trials can be useful in informing tree planting projects with rural farmers; however, care should be taken to manage expectations.     

Intermittent and Continuous Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Dogs: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Background: Malnutrition is a common problem in critically ill dogs and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in human medicine. Enteral nutrition (EN) delivery methods have been evaluated in humans to determine which is most effective in achieving caloric goals. Objectives: To compare continuous infusion and intermittent bolus feeding of EN in dogs admitted to a critical care unit. Animals: Fifty‐four dogs admitted to the critical care unit and requiring nutritional support with a nasoenteric feeding tube. Methods: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Dogs were randomized to receive either continuous infusion (Group C) or intermittent bolus feeding (Group I) of liquid EN. The percentage of prescribed nutrition delivered (PPND) was calculated every 24 hours. Frequencies of gastrointestinal (GI), mechanical, and technical complications were recorded and gastric residual volumes (GRVs) were measured. Results: PPND was significantly lower in Group C (98.4%) than Group I (100%). There was no significant difference in GI or mechanical complications, although Group C had a significantly higher rate of technical complications. GRVs did not differ significantly between Group C (3.1 mL/kg) and Group I (6.3 mL/kg) and were not correlated with the incidence of vomiting or regurgitation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There was a statistically significant difference in the PPND between continuously and intermittently fed dogs, but this difference is unlikely to be clinically relevant. Critically ill dogs can be successfully supported with either continuous infusion or intermittent bolus feeding of EN with few complications. Increased GRVs may not warrant termination of enteral feeding.     

Factors affecting the development of disease symptoms in potatoes infected by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tobacco rattle virus</Emphasis>

Infection of potato plants with Tobacco rattle virus by its nematode vector can have different outcomes, including the development of spraing symptoms in progeny tubers. A novel syndrome described here comprises a generalized mottle in leaves on all stems, together with virtually total failure to produce daughter tubers. The outcome of infection depends partly on the potato genotype, but field trials with 15 varieties showed that the incidence and severity of spraing symptoms at three sites differed. There was no evidence that this was due to differences in virulence among the virus isolates at the sites, but it was probably the result of environmental differences that influenced the numbers and activity of the vector nematodes. At the most severely affected site, spraing symptoms were found in all varieties tested, except Record, including several that were not affected at the other two sites. Taking both severity and incidence of symptoms into account, the ranking of varieties was similar at each site. The incidence of spraing symptoms was greater in larger than in smaller tubers, and increased with later harvest dates, but did not increase when early harvested tubers were stored. Tobacco rattle viruswas detected in the roots of many of the weeds growing at one of the sites and in the roots of a few plants of the subsequent barley crop.     

猪伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗的制备、安全性、免疫原性、保存期测定及区域试验

为了提供有效的伪狂犬病疫苗，用鸡胚成纤维细胞扩大培养了PrV HB-98突变株（TK^-/gG^-/LacZ^＋），研制了伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗，并对该疫苗经肌肉接种、经口等免疫途径的最小免疫剂量进行了测定，同时也对4批疫苗的安全性、效力、免疫期和保存期进行了检测；同时将4批疫苗用于免疫23个猪场的母猪、新生仔猪和育肥猪进行区域试验。测定结果表明，疫苗经上述两种途径接种对不同阶段猪的最小免疫剂量均为10^5.0 TCID50；10倍免疫剂量的疫苗对初生仔猪、15日龄仔猪和妊娠母猪是安全的，免疫猪能抵抗强毒的攻击；疫苗在4℃和-20℃下分别可保存6个月和12个月。对伪狂犬病毒抗体阴性的70日龄商品猪和种猪的免疫期为6个月。田间试验表明，4批猪伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗安全有效，并可用于仔猪发病时的紧急接种。为猪伪狂犬病基因工程疫苗的制备与应用提供了有力的依据。     

5种药剂对金银花尺蠖室内毒力及田间药效研究

[目的]明确常用杀虫剂对金银花尺蠖的防治效果。[方法]选用5种药剂(敌敌畏、辛硫磷、溴氰菊酯、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯)的原药和乳油分别对金银花尺蠖幼虫进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果]5种药剂中,高效氯氰菊酯的毒力最大,48 h的LC50为0.019 3μg/ml;其他依次为毒死蜱、敌敌畏、辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯,48 h的LC50分别为0.027 6、0.050 5、0.053 3和0.056 3μg/ml。5种药剂在药后7 d的防效均达到80%以上,其中4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油和48%毒死蜱乳油的效果最好,其药后7 d的防效均为100%。[结论]5种药剂对金银花尺蠖幼虫均具有较高的毒力和田间防效。     

3种生物农药对平阳马尾松毛虫的防治效果

[目的]探讨3种生物农药对平阳马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus)的防治效果,为有效预防和遏制马尾松毛虫的危害提供参考。[方法]采用饲喂法测定了苏云金杆菌、阿维菌素、0.3%阿维菌素和100亿活芽孢/g苏云金杆菌(林得保)3种生物农药对马尾松毛虫5龄幼虫的室内毒力,并考察了林得保对该虫的林间防治效果。[结果]林得保室内毒力LC50值仅为18.25 mg/L,林间将其与轻质碳酸钙以1∶10、1∶15、1∶20、1∶25配制浓度喷粉防治马尾松毛虫的效果均达80%以上,其中1∶10、1∶15配制浓度的防治效果最好。[结论]林得保粉剂1∶15配制浓度防治马尾松毛虫第1代5龄幼虫既经济又有效,适合林间大面积防治马尾松毛虫。     

Paths out of poverty: An eclectic and idiosyncratic review of analytical approaches

This paper briefly reviews different debates about approaches for paths out of poverty, considering several views, from the analysis of specific policies to more general or systemic considerations. The contribution of this paper is to present a broad outline of those debates and to serve as an illustration of the complexity of analyzing paths out of poverty. It discusses in sequence, the more microeconomic approach of evaluation of individual policies for poverty alleviation; then it moves to broader issues of growth and development strategies, and macroeconomic policies, and their links to the persistence or reduction of poverty; and finally discusses the topic of institutions, related to how policy decisions are made and enforced in societies at the previous three levels. Finally, the concluding section argues that a successful program to eliminate poverty must integrate all levels of individual policies, macroeconomic programs, development strategies and good institutions. This paper hopes to contribute to that crucial work.     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治草莓白粉病的田间试验

草莓白粉病是琼海草莓生产中的常发性主要病害,严重影响草莓的生产。琼海草莓种植期间低温、高湿气候情况频发,有利于草莓白粉病的发生。通过不同配方组合发现:枯草芽孢杆菌按4 050 g/hm2用量单独使用,预防草莓白粉病防效达92.09%,发病后混合化学药剂露娜森做治疗,具有防效快、持效期长等优点。     

10%丁醚脲微乳剂防治小菜蛾的田间药效实验

田间药效试验结果表明:10%丁醚脲微乳剂对小菜蛾有较好的防治效果,156g/hm2对小菜蛾的防效可达98.47%。