基于混合效应的湖南栎类与杉木单木断面积生长模型研究

构建栎类（Quercus sp.）杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）混交林单木断面积生长模型,为该类 型林分的生产经营提供参考。以湖南省 31 个样地共 1 646 株栎类与 1 154 株杉木为研究数据,7 个常见模 型作为栎类、杉木的单木基础模型,基于样地随机效应构建栎类、杉木的单木断面积混合效应模型。结果 表明,栎类断面积的最优基础模型为 Gompertz,杉木断面积的最优基础模型为 Logistic;栎类断面积混合 效应模型相比于基础模型,决定系数 R2 提高了 0.053,SSE 与 RRMSE 均有所降低;杉木断面积混合效应 模型相比于基础模型,决定系数 R2 增加了 0.035,SSE 与 RRMSE 均有所降低;栎类断面积的成熟年龄在 50 年以后,杉木断面积的生长速率在 30 年左右逐步放缓。文章在栎类、杉木单木模型的基础上进一步加 入样地随机效应,模型拟合精度明显提高,说明栎类、杉木的断面积生长都受到年龄与样地的综合影响。     

Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata

In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L⁻¹), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.     

Design,Semisynthesis, Insecticidal and Antibacterial Activities of a Series of Marine-Derived Geodin Derivatives and Their Preliminary Structure–Activity Relationships

To enhance the biological activity of the natural product geodin (1), isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp., a series of new ether derivatives (2–37) was designed and semisynthesized using a high-yielding one-step reaction. In addition, the insecticidal and antibacterial activities of all geodin congeners were evaluated systematically. Most of these derivatives showed better insecticidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner than 1. In particular, 15 showed potent insecticidal activity with an IC₅₀ value of 89 μM, comparable to the positive control azadirachtin (IC₅₀ = 70 μM). Additionally, 5, 12, 13, 16, 30 and 33 showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas salmonicida with MIC values in the range of 1.15–4.93 μM. The preliminary structure–activity relationships indicated that the introduction of halogenated benzyl especially fluorobenzyl, into 1 and substitution of 4-OH could be key factors in increasing the insecticidal and antibacterial activities of geodin.     

小型植保无人机超低量喷雾对荒漠绿洲麦区小麦白粉病的防治效果

研究小型植保无人机超低量喷雾对小麦白粉病的防治效果,为科学使用小型植保无人机防控小麦病害提供指导。采用随机区组的方法,定点调查各处理小麦白粉病发生情况,评价供试药剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,240 g/L氯氟醚·吡唑酯SC 180 g/hm²、19%啶氧·丙环唑SC 199.50 g/hm²和 23%醚菌·氟环唑 SC 103.50 g/hm²添加增效剂迈飞对小麦白粉病具有较好的防效,防效分别为77.88%、74.23%和 73.26%。42%苯菌酮 SC 189.00 g/hm²、430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂SC 129.00 g/hm²、75%肟菌·戊唑醇 WG 202.50 g/hm²和 40%腈菌唑 WP 120.00 g/hm²添加增效剂迈飞对小麦白粉病防效在60.90%～65.72%之间。7 种药剂均可用于小型植保无人机超低量喷雾防治小麦白粉病,为了减缓抗药性的产生,建议在生产上轮换使用。     

车前草穗枯病研究Ⅱ.病原菌生物学特性

对车前草穗枯病菌菌丝生长条件和人工诱导产孢进行系列试验,结果表明菌丝生长适宜温度15～30℃,最适25℃;适宜pH值4.01～7.02,最适4.98;不同碳源对菌丝生长有一定影响,以蔗糖最佳;光照对菌丝生长影响不大。产孢试验表明,PDA及其他各种培养基上不能产生子座、分生孢子器和分生孢子,采用光暗交替、变温处理、紫外线照射和菌丝切割等多种方法也不能产生,而用灭菌的车前草叶片和穗轴接种培养,便可获得成功产孢,但产生的子座比自然病株上的明显偏大,分生孢子器及分生孢子则差异不明显。     

Production of salmonid amoebic gill disease by exposure to Paramoeba sp. harvested from the gills of infected fish

Atlantic salmon, S almo salar L., were exposed to different concentrations of Paramoeba sp. The lowest concentration which induced amoebic gill disease (AGD) was 230 Paramoeba sp. L^–1 and the severity of infection increased with increasing concentration. The concentration of Paramoeba sp. positively correlated with the number of gill lesions ( R ² > 0.7). This study provides evidence that Paramoeba sp. is the causative agent of AGD and describes an experimental model that enables the severity of the induced disease to be controlled.     

常用中草药对4种病原弧菌体外抗菌效果的研究

采用琼脂扩散法(打孔法)测定了五倍子等18种中草药对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河口弧菌及霍乱弧菌等4种病原弧菌的抑制作用。结果表明,五倍子、苏木、地锦草、石榴皮、黄芩、虎杖和山楂等7种中草药对病原弧菌具有较好的抑菌效果,而金银花等11种中草药抑菌作用较弱;同时采用试管连续稀释法,测定了五倍子等抑菌效果较强的7种中草药对4种病原弧菌的抑菌和杀菌浓度。结果表明,苏木、五倍子、地锦草和石榴皮4种中药具有较好的抑菌和杀菌作用,此4种中药对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河口弧菌及霍乱弧菌等4种病原弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.78～6.25mg/ml,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为3.12～12.5mg/ml。     

青蟹的营养需求研究及其配合饲料研制

青蟹属（Scylla）有锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata），拟穴青蟹（S．paramamosain），紫螯青蟹（S．tranquebarica）和榄绿青蟹（S．olivacea）等4个种。我国以拟穴青蟹占绝对优势，它有个体大、生长快、适应性强、肉味鲜美、营养丰富等特点，已成为具有重要经济价值的海水养殖蟹类之一。     

向川安瘿蜂和寄生性长尾小蜂共生菌Wolbachia的检测

Wolbachia是一类胞质遗传共生菌，能调控被其感染宿主的生殖方式。以向川安瘿蜂虫瘿中获得的向川安瘿蜂和其寄生的长尾小蜂为材料，使用Wolbachia的wsp基因特异引物，通过PCR扩增向川安瘿蜂和长尾小蜂Wolbachia的wsp特异片段，以邻位相连法构建Wolbachia的wsp基因的分子系统树。结果表明：向川安瘿蜂和长尾小蜂均感染了Wolbachia；因二者感染Wolbacia的株系Wa和Wb的wsp序列差异大，不能认定在寄生的长尾小蜂和宿主向川安瘿蜂间存在Wolbachia的水平传播。     

EFFECTS OF pH ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF TWO FORAGE LEGUMES

A study was conducted to compare the responses to acid pH of Medicago sativa and Lotus glaber, two forage legumes with different environmental requirements, either supplied with inorganic nitrogen (N) or inoculated with different strains of their nodule bacteria. Medicago sativa showed, in both treatments, a significant reduction in total dry weight at pH below 6.0. In contrast, Lotus glaber grew equally well at all the pHs assayed in the presence of adequate N. Under inoculated conditions, in the absence of N supply, plant growth was dependent on the bacterial strain used. When the ability of each strain to multiply in culture medium was examined, it was observed that Sinorhizobium meliloti strains showed a pH-sensitive response that inhibited growth at pH 4.0, whereas Mesorhizobium loti strains showed normal growth at this pH. These results suggest that for the effectiveness of Mesorhizobium loti–Lotus glaber symbiosis in acid soils the major factor to be considered is the tolerance of the bacterial strain to acid conditions, while the limiting factors for the Sinorhizobium meliloti–Medicago sativa symbiosis are the sensitivity to low pH of both the plant and its bacteria.