Effects of different types of dietary non-digestible carbohydrates on the physico-chemical properties and microbiota of proximal colon digesta of growing pigs

The effect of different types of fibre on the intestinal digesta and microbial diversity was evaluated in growing pigs. The animals were fed during forty-two days with one of four experimental diets including a control group, a diet enriched with resistant starch type I, by coarse ground corn, and other two diets containing sugar beet pulp (8%) and wheat bran (10%) (as sources of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides respectively). Body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were assessed at day 7, 21 and 42. Luminal samples of digesta from proximal colon were collected to analyse water retention capacity (WRC), concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the microbial diversity. Overall, animals fed with higher amounts of non-digestible carbohydrates had lower ADFI and BW. Sugar beet pulp provoked an increase of WRC, a higher concentration of SCFA, and a more stable microbial diversity throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, animals fed with wheat bran presented a lower bacterial diversity.     

黄瓜连作对土壤微生物区系的影响Ⅰ——基于可培养微生物种群的数量分析

利用平板培养法对黄瓜连作根系微生物种群连续性变化进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,黄瓜连作导致土壤可培养微生物数量减少,其中细菌数量降低最为明显,对连作表现出较高的敏感性,根际根外细菌数目减幅分别在第三、四茬时达显著水平。放线菌数量对黄瓜连作反应较小,根际到第四茬减幅才达到了显著水平,而根外在连作四茬过程中均未达显著水平。黄瓜连作致使少数真菌种群富集,同时多种真菌类群数量减少,种群变化呈现单一化趋势。根际土壤微生物主要生理群分析表明,连作导致根际自生固氮菌与好气性纤维素分解菌数目明显下降,硝化细菌数量大幅增加,而氨化细菌数量变化不大。土壤酶活性测定结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随连作茬次增加而降低,脲酶活性稍有上升。     

高蛋白日粮对家兔的危害

蛋白质含量超过营养需要的日粮，不仅造成浪费，更重要的是直接引起蛋白质消化、吸收和代谢障碍；间接地引起肝肾疾病和全身中毒，诱发传染病和其它疾病。     

Integrated pest management in field vegetable crops in northern Europe — with focus on two key pests

Improvements in (1) insecticide application, (2) supervised control, and (3) pest forecasting systems have each helped to reduce considerably the amounts of insecticides required to control fly, caterpillar and aphid infestations in vegetable crops in northern Europe. By growing plants that are partially resistant to certain major pests, it is now possible to apply even less insecticide than the dose recommended for the crop. In crops where only small amounts of insecticides are applied, natural predators should prevent large increases in pest insect populations and natural parasitoids should reduce the numbers of pest insects entering subsequent generations. The possible impact of introducing transgenic plants and the use of physical (crop covers), cultural (crop rotation, undersowing) and microbial (e.g. fungi, bacteria and nematodes) methods of control are also discussed. The withdrawal of certain insecticides, as a result of environmental and commercial pressures, means that some crops may soon be without appropriate insecticides for controlling one or more of the major pest species. Whether such systems will be sustainable, remains to be seen.     

Variations in soil chemical properties and microbial biomass in artificial gaps in silver fir stands

Changes in soil chemical and microbiological parameters in small (185 m²) and medium (410 m²) gaps, created in mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill) stands (mean height 30 m) in the Calabrian Apennines (Southern Italy), were studied over 2 years. Medium gaps had high soil temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and low soil moisture. Within small gaps we detected a greater amount of organic matter, with respect to under canopy cover sites and medium gaps. Moreover, a different trend of the organic matter between small and medium gaps was observed. In the medium gaps, with respect to under canopy cover sites and small gaps, we found a relatively low content of organic matter, associated to a lower amount of humic acid, which suggested that the organic substrate undergoes a mineralization rather than a humification process. An opposite trend was observed in small gaps, where the increase of organic matter content, associated to an increase of humic acid and microbial biomass, suggested a better humification process. Moreover, in small gaps the highest level of urease and the greatest fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis were observed. The different trend of organic matter observed in small and medium gaps may be related to changes in the environmental conditions. PAR transmittance, significantly higher in medium gaps, contributed to increase soil temperature and decrease soil moisture, affecting soil microbial populations and organic matter trend. These results suggest that the creation of small gaps represents the silvicultural practice with minor environmental impact.     

Influence of soil acidity on depth gradients of microbial biomass in beech forest soils

The objectives of the study were to investigate mineral soil profiles as a living space for microbial decomposers and the relation of microbial properties to soil acidity. We estimated microbial biomass C on concentration (g g^–1 DW) as well as on volume basis (g m^–2) and the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio along a vertical gradient from L horizon to 20 cm in the mineral soil and along a gradient of increasing acidity at five beech forest stands in Germany. Microbial biomass C concentration ranged from 17,000–34,000 g C_mic g^–1 DW in the litter layer and decreased dramatically down the profile to 29–264 g C_mic g^–1 DW at 15–20 cm depth in the mineral soil. This represents depth gradients of microbial biomass C concentrations ranging from a factor of 65 in slightly acidic and up to 875 in acidic soils. In contrast, microbial biomass C calculated on a volume basis (g C_mic m^–2) showed a different pattern since a considerable part of the microbial biomass C was located in the mineral soils. In the soil profile 22–34% of the microbial biomass C was found in the mineral soil at strictly acidic sites and as much as 64–88% in slightly acidic soils. The microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratios decreased in general down from the L horizon in the forest floor to 0–5 cm depth in the mineral soils. In strongly acidic mineral soils however, the C to soil organic carbon ratio increased with depth, suggesting a positive relation to increasing pH. We conclude from depth gradients of soil pH and microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratio that pH affects this ratio at acidic sites. The inter-site comparison indicates that acidity restricts microbial biomass C in the mineral soils.     

Impact of harvesting and logging slash on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soils from upland spruce forests in northeastern Ontario

The potential impact of timber harvesting in the boreal forest on aquatic ecosystem water quality and productivity depends in part on the production of nutrients within the soil of the harvested catchment. Nitrogen supplied by organic matter decomposition is of particular interest because of the important role that N plays in biotic processes in surface waters, and in forest nutrition in general. Logging slash quality and input to the forest floor has the potential to influence N availability after harvest on clearcut sites. Net production of organic and inorganic-N and microbial biomass C and N concentrations were determined during a 90-day laboratory incubation at constant temperature and moisture. Incubated soils included F horizon and shallow mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm) from unharvested and full-tree harvested (2 and 12 growing seasons since harvest) boreal forest sites at the Esker Lakes Research Area (ELRA), in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In an ancillary experiment, black spruce foliage was added to unharvested forest floor material after 30 days during a 90-day laboratory incubation to simulate the influence of logging slash from full-tree harvesting on C and N dynamics. Twelve-year old clearcut F horizon material released on average 75 and 5 times more -N and 3 and 2 times as much inorganic-N than soil collected from unharvested and 2-year-old clearcuts, respectively. This increase in -N accumulation during the incubation was accompanied by decreases in both exchangeable -N and microbial biomass C and N levels. Net daily changes in microbial biomass N were significantly related to organic and inorganic-N accumulation or loss within the F horizon. Mineral soil release of inorganic-N was lower than release from the forest floor. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation was lower, and -N accumulation was higher in mineral soil from unharvested sites when compared to 12-year-old clearcuts. Calculated harvest response ratios indicated that incubated mineral soil from the 12-year-old clearcut sites released significantly greater amounts of -N than 2-year-old clearcuts. Incorporation of black spruce needles into F horizon material reduced the production of organic and inorganic-N and increased microbial biomass N. Laboratory incubations of F horizon and shallow mineral soil from 12-year-old clearcuts suggested that these boreal soils have the capacity for increased inorganic-N production compared to uncut stands several years after harvesting. This has the potential to increase N availability to growing boreal forest plantations and increase N leaching due to greater -N levels in the forest soil.     

南极中山站附近海水微生物多样性和宏基因组分析

以中国第34次南极科考采集的中山站附近海域5个站点海水样品为研究对象,通过Illumina高通量测序,鉴定微生物组成和微生物群落结构,发现中山站取样的海水中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)最为丰富,其次为蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria),属水平上黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)含量最多,均超过20%。首次在南极海水中发现UBA1315属微生物,功能注释分析显示含有丰富的DNA修复基因,可能有助于适应南极恶劣环境。对中山站和罗斯海上层海水以及南北极不同地理位置海水微生物比较发现,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和蓝细菌在所有海水中普遍存在,变形菌门为优势菌,蓝细菌在南极海水中含量丰富,罗斯海上层海水比中山站海水微生物多样性丰富,且主要菌群丰度不同。初步揭示了中山站附近海域微生物群落组成,为后续进一步研究南极中山站海水微生物资源调查和功能开发研究提供一定的基础数据。     

Microbial Composition before and after Conservation of Grass-Dominated Haylage Harvested Early,Middle, and Late in the Season

Haylage for horses is often harvested in late plant maturity, which could be associated with an increased risk of impaired hygienic quality in the forage and short aerobic storage stability after bale opening, but knowledge in this area is scant. An experiment was conducted in which the microbial composition was analyzed before and after conservation of primary growth haylage harvested early (June), middle (July), and late (August) in the season during 1 year. The counts of yeast, enterobacteria, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in preconserved herbage increased with the advancing harvest time (P ≤ .02). After conservation, the August haylage had increased counts of enterobacteria (log 4.3 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g) and LAB (log 6.5 CFU/g), compared with the June and July haylage (log ≤1.7 CFU/g for enterobacteria and ≤5.7 CFU/g for LAB, P < .001). The yeast counts were the lowest in the June haylage (log 5.0 CFU/g) compared with the July and August haylage (log ≥6.3 CFU/g, P < .001). After conservation, the mold counts were lower in the June haylage and greater in the August haylage (P = .01). In the preconserved herbage, Cladosporium cladosporioides was the most common mold species in June but Fusarium poae was in July, and Mucor fragilis in August. After conservation, Penicillium carneum was the only species found in the June haylage, with M. circinelloides most frequently found in the July haylage and M. hiemalis and M. circinelloides found at similar frequencies in the August haylage. An advanced harvest time resulted in greater counts of enterobacteria, yeast, and LAB and an increased number of mold species in the conserved haylage. The aerobic storage stability of the opened haylage bales measured by temperature was similar among the harvests.     

抚育强度对云杉林土壤有机碳含量的影响

笔者分析了川西米亚罗林区典型低效林经不同强度的抚育间伐后,对5种处理的2个土层(0 cm~15 cm,15 cm~30 cm)的土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳含量的变化进行了动态监测,并分析了土壤总有机碳和微生物量碳含量的季节变化。结果表明,5种处理的土壤总有机碳和微生物量碳含量均是上层高于下层;在观测的4个季节内,上层、下层土壤总有机碳均是夏季春季冬季秋季,土壤总有机碳含量的上、下层均值是F3F2F1F4CK;土壤微生物量碳含量均是秋季冬季春季夏季;土壤微生物量碳含量的上、下层均值表现为F3F2F1CKF4,而且30%的间伐强度样地土壤总有机碳含量和微生物量碳含量均最高。