两种测定苜蓿芽多糖方法的比较

采用蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法测定了苜蓿芽多糖(MSP)含量,并比较了2种方法的适用性。结果表明:蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法测定的MSP含量分别为(2.76±0.46)%和(3.17±0.88)%,前者显著低于后者(P<0.05);由于苜蓿芽提取液的颜色在苯酚-硫酸法测定波长下具有一定的吸光度,使其结果偏高,因此采用该方法需要对提取液进行脱色处理,而蒽酮-硫酸法测定结果更符合实际值。蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法的回收率分别为(94.18±5.00)%和(99.40±3.51)%,回收率相对标准差分别为5.31%和3.53%,说明苯酚-硫酸法用于测定苜蓿芽多糖含量灵敏度更高、重复性更好。     

甘肃省苜蓿害虫种类调查

调查记录了甘肃省各地苜蓿害虫,鳞翅目Lepidoptera 83种,鞘翅目Coleoptera 56种,半翅目Hemiptera 20种,同翅目Homoptera 10种,直翅目Orthoptera 9种,缨翅目Thysanoptera 4种,膜翅目Hymenoptera 2种,共计7个目,42个科,184种。分别介绍了这些害虫的中文名称、学名与主要分布区域。     

南方型紫花苜蓿耐盐细胞系的筛选及生理特性分析

以NaCl为选择因子,对长期继代培养的紫花苜蓿愈伤组织进行选择,筛选出耐1.2%NaCl的耐盐细胞系并对其进行生理分析,结果表明:耐盐细胞系对逆境的忍受能力高于对照,积累的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量也高于对照,维持着较高的K+/Na+比,在盐分胁迫下能维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。     

Completion of the agronomic evaluations of Medicago ruthenica [(L.) Ledebour] germplasm collected in Inner Mongolia

Because Medicago ruthenica [(L.) Ledebour] is a potential new forage legume, we collected 90 accessions in Inner Mongolia in 1991. The 40 accessions evaluated in this study (E2) trace to 13 collection sites ranging from 40° 40 (N) × 111° 15 (E) to 42° 55 (N) × 122° 20 (E) and to altitudes ranging from 175 to 1493 m. Nineteen of these accessions were collected from new or under-represented sites in generally milder and drier climates (temperate desert steppes), compared to the 50 accessions evaluated earlier (E1). All accessions were evaluated at Beltsville, MD (USA) on a B and K deficient Iuka sandy loam (coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic, Aquic Udigluvent; pH 6.4) in two-year studies. Significant variation was noted in E1 and E2 for dry matter yield, growth habit, leaf shape, and plant height and width. Upright growth habit and leaf narrowness, and procumbency and yield were positively correlated in both evaluations, but no particular leaf shape or growth habit was correlated with tolerance to winter conditions. In E2, leaf:stem ratios of four M. ruthenica accessions and a cultivated alfalfa (M. sativa L.) check were not significantly different, but M. ruthenica was significantly more tolerant of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) feeding than was M. sativa. Second-year alfalfa dry matter yield was about five times larger than that of M. ruthenica. Many of the highest yielding accessions were collected near cultivated fields and/or buildings. Although data for both evaluations demonstrated the same basic trends, there were sufficient deviations to emphasize the value of evaluating the entire germplasm collection.     

Enhanced bioremediation of soil containing 2,4-dinitrotoluene by a genetically modified Sinorhizobium meliloti

The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti, is well known for its ability to interact with the leguminous plant Medicago sativa L. It has, however, not been reported that this species possesses the capability to degrade toxic nitroaromatic compounds, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) which is commonly associated with the degradation of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this study, the pJS1 DNT-biodegradative plasmid was genetically transferred to S. meliloti strain USDA 1936, which was confirmed by plasmid profile analysis. Several standard analytical and chemical tests including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nitrite (NO₂) release assays, rhizosphere population and plant greenhouse studies were conducted to test the ability of S. meliloti to degrade 2,4-DNT. The possible presence of 2,4-DNT remaining in the treated soil was tested, and no 2,4-DNT had been absorbed by the soil. The pJS1-carrying recombinant strain DHK1 produced ‘ARC’ alfalfa plants that were almost 2-fold higher in shoot dry weight than that produced by the parent strain on soil containing 0.14 mM 2,4-DNT. The transconjugant strain DHK1 reduced significantly one-third more 2,4-DNT in both 0.14 and 0.28 mM contaminated soil, and in 0.55 mM contaminated soil it degraded 94% of the 2,4-DNT present. In liquid cultures, however, only about 4% reduction in 2,4-DNT concentrations was obtained in 10 days. We interpret the results as clearly establishing that genetic modification was successfully used, for the first time, to improve the capability of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium S. meliloti DHK1 to bioremediate in situ 2,4-DNT-contaminated soil in the presence of alfalfa plants.     

Phototropic Leaflet Reorientation in Alfalfa Germplasm Selected for Leaf Color and Size

Solar tracking has been described in several agronomic and wild species, yet variation within a given species has not been reported. To address that issue, photoperiod leaflet reorientation in response to vectorial light was measured in three alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) germplasm pools selected from the cultivar Ladak 65. Dark-leaf germplasm responded to all photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) (100 to 700 μmol/m²/s) with no detectable lag period. Following a 24-h dark treatment only high PPFD (600 to 700μmol/m²/s) elicited reorientation. Pale-leaf germplasm responded to intermediate (300 to 400 μmol/m²/s) and high PPFD in a similar manner; however, the low (100-125μmol/m²/s) PPFD treatment had little effect on reorientation. The 24-h dark treatment decreased reorientation at all PPFD. Small-leaf germplasm responded equally to all PPFD and was not affected by the 24-h dark treatment. The results suggest that available energy levels may influence the reorientation response. Carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of photophosphorylation, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, an inhibitor of non-cyclic photosynthetic electron transport, reduced reorientation only in the pale-leaf type. These results suggest that stored energy reserves were adequate to maintain leaflet reorientation in the absence of photosynthesis in all but the pale-leaf germplasm. In that germplasm photosynthetically generated energy may be required to support reorientation.     

Climate-based estimates of forage yields in the prairie region of western Canada

Abstract. A forage model (FORYLD) was used to estimate average potential (constraint-free) yields ( B _y) and yields under rainfed conditions ( B _ya) of alfalfa and wheatgrasses for the prairie region of Western Canada. Yield estimates were determined using 30-year climatic means (monthly values) and assumed available water-holding capacities (AWC) of soils ranging from 50 to 280 mm as inputs to the model. Calculations were made for 252 areas or zones known as Agroecological Resource Areas (ARAs) for the region. Estimates of B _y for alfalfa ranged from over 17.5 t/ha, in areas where three cuts of alfalfa were feasible if the crop were fully irrigated, to less than 10 t/ha in some northern ARAs where restricted length of the growing season limited potential to only one cut. For wheatgrasses B _y ranged from 15 to 17.5 t/ha in most areas where two cuts are possible. Estimates of B _ya for alfalfa, based on the predominant AWC for soils in each ARA, ranged from less than 2 t/ha in the driest portion of the prairie region to more than 8 t/ha in the more humid areas. Yields of wheatgrasses were very similar to those of alfalfa in the driest zones but slightly more in some of the more humid regions. Effects of varying soil AWC on yield estimates are presented for the major soil groups of the prairies.     

Variation in Crown and Root Organic Reserves Among Lucerne Genotypes of Different Morphology and Flower Colour

Previous evidence indicates that differences in the concentration of underground organic reserves can drive the survival and growing ability of lucerne under cold and defoliation stresses. In order to provide the selection process with further information on compounds that may influence plant performance under grazing, we assessed variations in cold‐season concentrations of nitrogen and carbon reserves on genotypes that had been identified for morphological features that possibly enhance grazing tolerance. The selected genotypes encompassed distinct morphological patterns (defined as ‘models’) and different taxa within the Medicago sativa complex, as shown by different flower colours. Crown concentrations of reserves were determined on 90 genotypes, whereas root concentrations were measured on a subsample of 15 genotypes. Wide intergenotypic variation was observed for all reserve substances. Comparisons among models and among flower colour classes highlighted the high concentrations of crown carbohydrates and root and crown‐soluble proteins of the model coded as ‘D1’, characterized by prostrate, rhizomatous habit and long dormancy, which largely corresponded to plants with yellow or variegated flowers, typical of ssp. falcata and × varia, respectively. There was a strong ‘flower colour × storage organ’ interaction for sugar concentration, and the results suggested a preferential compartment of sugars in the roots of purple‐flowered genotypes that belonged to the ssp. sativa. A rank correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship between persistence after two years under grazing of half‐sib progenies deriving from 19 genotypes out of the 90 and crown concentrations of carbohydrates of the 19 mother plants.     

鹰嘴紫云英与沙打旺苜蓿青草饲喂肉兔效果研究

本研究选用2月龄比利时和大耳白肉用仔兔各30只,采用随机单位组法平均分为6组。饲养试验期90天,比较鹰嘴紫云英、沙打旺和苜蓿3种青草单喂和补精料对肉兔的饲喂效果和毒性反应。结果表明鹰嘴紫云英与沙打旺、苜蓿饲喂效果无显著差异,屠宰率高于沙打旺。育肥肉兔仍以补少量精料的饲喂效果为佳。 3种青草喂肉兔后经血液理化指标监测,屠体解剖,心、肝、肺、肾的病理剖解及组织学检查,结果证明:鹰嘴紫云英饲喂3～5月龄肉兔,无明显因中毒引起的任何变化,是安全的。     

老化处理对几种牧草种子乙烯释放量的影响

探讨了不同老化处理对紫花苜蓿、光叶紫花苕、老芒麦和苏丹草种子萌发过程中乙烯释放量的影响 ,及乙烯释放量和发芽率的关系。结果表明 :35℃高温、10 %种子含水量条件下 ,不同贮藏时间的老化处理对 4种牧草种子乙烯释放量有显著影响 ,所有供试种随种子劣变 ,乙烯释放量下降 ,且释放高峰推迟。在测定期内 (2 2 h) 2种豆科牧草种子乙烯释放量和高峰出现的时间分别高于和早于 2种禾本科牧草 ;未处理种样平均每百粒种子乙烯释放总量 ,按供试种样计算为光叶紫花苕 (56 .0 nl) >紫花苜蓿 (2 0 .0 nl) >苏丹草 (17.4 nl) >老芒麦(10 .7nl) ,而按发芽种子计算为光叶紫花苕 (6 7.5nl) >紫花苜蓿 (2 5.8nl) >老芒麦(2 2 .3nl) >苏丹草 (2 0 .2 nl)。 4种牧草种子乙烯释放量与发芽率呈极显著的正相关 (p<0 .0 5) ,其决定系数 (r2 )从高自低依次为紫花苜蓿 0 .980、光叶紫花苕 0 .96 0、老芒麦 0 .952和苏丹草 0 .94 1。