平邑甜茶后代双胚苗的倍性鉴定及核型分析

为了确定平邑甜茶双胚苗的倍性特征和核型特点,采用压片和流式细胞仪观测的方法对平邑甜茶后代中双胚苗进行染色体倍性观察和核型分析。结果表明:4株供试材料均为三倍体,2n=3x=51,染色体为小型,染色体长度比差异不大;核型组成由中部着丝点染色体(m)和亚中部着丝点染色体(sm)组成;株系8-1、8-2、12-1和12-2的核型公式分别为2n=3x=45m+6sm,2n=3x=48m+3sm,2n=3x=27m+24sm,2n=3x=33m+18sm;染色体相对长度和着丝点指数的变异范围分别为1.21%～2.68%和34.19%～42.37%,1.44%～2.63%和35.59%～44.08%,1.36%～3.02%和32.85%～42.18%,1.43%～2.87%和34.23%～44.02%;核型分别属于1B、1A、2B和1B类型,表现为株系之间的核型不完全相同。本研究为丰富无融合生殖型砧木的育种理论,获得新的苹果无融合生殖型砧木提供有益的借鉴。     

Postharvest changes in pigment concentrations in ‘Fuji’ apples with ‘Fuji’ stain

’Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh cv. ‘Fuji’) sometimes develop a discolouration in the peel during cold storage, typically in the periphery of sunburned peel. We refer to this particular postharvest disorder as ‘Fuji’ stain as we have not observed it in any cultivar other than ‘Fuji’ and the discolouration looks like a stain on the peel. Because peel discolouration occurs, peel pigments are thought to be involved. Hence the concentrations of anthocyanins, epicatechin, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in peel disks taken from areas exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain were compared to concentrations observed in peel disks not exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain. In 2005, peel from sunburned apples exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain was compared to peel from three areas of sunburned apples not exhibiting stain [i.e. sunburned peel, the area around the sunburned peel (halo), and the area around the halo (OH)]. Additionally, stained peel was compared to the sun-exposed side of non-stained non-sunburned apples (NSNB). The second year, 2006, we compared stained peel to NSNB peel and the area outside the stained area (OS) on those fruit with stain. The concentrations of idaein, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides were consistently low in the stained peel both years. This is in contrast to our earlier studies in which sunburned ‘Fuji’ apples had high concentrations of quercetin glycosides and epicatechin and low concentrations of idaein, and non-sunburned apples had low concentrations of quercetin glycosides and epicatechin and high concentrations of idaein. The consistent and unique characteristic of stained peel reported here indicates an association of these compounds with the incidence of stain. In 2005, chlorogenic acid concentrations in the stain peel were lower than other peel types, but in 2006 they were higher. Differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were observed among many of the peel types. However, there is not a clear association between stain development and changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations due to significant differences not being observed in both years. While our research provides insight into pigment changes associated with ‘Fuji’ stain formation, more work is needed to help clarify the inconsistencies observed between the 2 years.     

木霉菌对苹果主要真菌病害的抑制及其在土壤中的定殖作用

以胶东半岛老的果园中土壤为试材,采用逐步稀释法,涂平板于孟加拉红培养基中,根据形态和分子方法鉴定分离木霉菌。分离出的木霉菌与苹果主要病害对峙培养在不同pH的培养基上,观察不同pH条件下,对真菌病害的抑制效果。土壤有机质和pH是目前胶东果园的主要问题,采用正交法设计,研究了不同的土壤条件对木霉菌生长的影响。结果表明:在不同pH条件下,木霉菌抑制苹果病原真菌的效果不同,木霉菌在不同的pH条件下对腐烂病(Valsa mali)和炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)均可以抑制,但对轮纹病(Physalospora piricola Nose)只有在pH 6.0时没有效果外,其它pH时都对轮纹病有抑制作用。在土壤pH 6.5和土壤有机质含量为75 g·kg^-1时,最有利于木霉菌定殖。同时还发现木霉菌对土壤的pH具有调节作用,无论在碱性条件下,还是酸性条件下,均可以使土壤pH趋于中性,另外木霉菌可以增加土壤有机质含量,特别是在高土壤有机质含量的情况下,增加更加显著。总之,分离出的木霉菌对苹果腐烂病、炭疽病和轮纹病抑制效果好。土壤pH和有机质含量对木霉菌的生长有影响,高土壤有机质含量和中性土壤有利于木霉菌定殖。另外,木霉菌能有效地改良土壤有机质含量和土壤pH。     

苹果属植物无融合生殖特性——文献综述

介绍了国内外苹果属中无融合生殖种类;综述了国内外学者对这些种无融合生殖特性的研究成果，包括兼性无融合生殖习性、无性胚形成方式、遗传方式、染色体倍性和同工酶表现；简述了无融合生殖在科研及生产的应用现状和潜力。     

世界苹果属植物的起源演化研究新进展

引用了瓦维诺夫Ｎ．Ｉ．Ｖａｖｉｌｏｖ,兰格菲尔德Ｖ．Ｔ．Ｌａｎｇｅｎｆｅｌｄ,斯泰司Ｃ．Ａ．Ｓｔａｃｅ 及俞德浚等关于苹果属等植物种、属起源和演化的学说,结合作者对世界苹果属植物今昔的自然分布和分类的研究工作,论证了世界苹果属植物的起源演化的中心位于中国的西南四川、云南、贵州三省。但不是苹果属的祖先种皆起源于该地或亚洲东南的亚热带地区,有不少种是直接起源于今天的北温带—它们过去在第三纪曾经有过亚热带气候。作者认为兰格菲尔德所作关于苹果属植物起源演化的系统发育树图谱中的六个分枝,都是指的次生遗传基因中心,而苹果属植物的初生遗传多样化中心是与其近缘的花揪属、梨属和山楂属相融合的。由于苹果属现代大多数的种都集中在中国西南云、贵、川三省,其中含有古老的多胜海棠等种类,因此将该地区视为苹果属的初生基因中心,是符合Ｃ．Ａ．Ｓｔａｃｅ 和Ｖ．Ｔ．Ｌａｎｇｅｎｆｅｌｄ 关于属的起源中心定位学说的,但苹果属古代的起源中心位置是否与现代起源中心位置相符,值得再行研究     

Mitochondrial DNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Malus Species

Three apple (Malus×domestica) cultivars and 11 Malus accessions have been investigated by the probe hybridization method on their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The gene probes used were: coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, and atp9. Our results revealed enough variation to characterize ten mtDNA haplotypes among the Malus genotypes examined. The taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of mtDNA polymorphism are also discussed.     

Identification of marker alleles linked to fire blight resistance QTLs in apple genotypes

Molecular marker analysis can be an effective tool when searching for new fire blight resistance donors. It can speed up the breeding process as well, even though many of the available markers linked to fire blight resistance QTLs have not yet been tested by screening a large number of cultivars. The aim of this study was to search for alternate sources of the three major QTLs of fire blight resistance; FBF7, FB_MR5 and FB_E, as well as to test the efficiency of some markers linked to minor QTLs. Altogether, nine primer pairs were used on 77 genotypes including new Hungarian cultivars and old apple cultivars from the Carpathian basin. Several marker alleles of FB resistance QTLs have been detected in the screened genotypes, most importantly the alleles coupling with FB_MR5 in the old cultivars ‘Kéresi muskotály’, ‘Szabadkai szercsika’ and ‘Batul’. We propose these cultivars as the first available resistance donors of FB_MR5 instead of the crabapple Malus × robusta 5. The results also bring new information regarding the resistance alleles of new Hungarian cultivars and selections.     

中国苹果授粉研究现状

苹果是中国最重要的栽培果树,然而目前其单产和优果率较低、果实品质较差,严重制约了中国苹果在国际市场上的竞争力。尽管人工授粉可以提高产量,但目前人工授粉成本不断增加;传粉昆虫对大幅提高苹果产量,尤其增加优质果率方面有着不可替代的作用,但目前自然界传粉昆虫数量严重不足,无法满足苹果产业规模化发展的需求。大力推广蜜蜂、壁蜂授粉技术,深入研究切叶蜂、土中筑巢蜂等苹果野生传粉昆虫的人工驯养技术是确保苹果产业可持续发展的重要途径;同时,科学配置授粉树也是提高苹果坐果率、优质果率、改善苹果品质的关键。本研究综述了苹果花部特征、传粉方式、传粉昆虫种类以及影响苹果授粉效果的因素等,并对今后开展苹果授粉的研究提出了几点建议,以期为提高中国苹果产量和品质提供一些思路。     

水分胁迫对苹果属植物叶片超微结构的影响

水分胁迫使苹果属植物Chl、Car含量下降,叶肉细胞叶绿体遭到破坏,抗旱性较弱的平邑甜茶受损的程度明显大于抗旱性较强的新疆野苹果。