Correlation of stylar ribonuclease isoenzymes with incompatibility alleles in apple

Fifty-six cultivars of apple were analysed for stylar ribonucleases; proteins were extracted from styles, separated by non-equilibrium pH gel electrofocusing and stained for activity. Excellent correlation was found between the ribonuclease bands revealed and the 11 known incompatibility, S, alleles, in 14 diploid cultivars genotyped in the classic work of Kobel by monitoring pollen tube growth after test crossing, and in 20 cultivars genotyped, at least partially, by more recent DNA methods. For 12 triploid cultivars studied by Kobel, the correlation was good but not perfect. Two apparent minor electrophoretic variants for S10 were noted and, to distinguish them from each other and also from the electrophoretically similar S3, isoelectric focusing was used. Ten cultivars were genotyped for the first time. In all, 14 ribonuclease bands that may correspond to the ‘new’ S alleles, S12 to S 25, were detected but these alleles should be regarded as provisional until confirmed by pollination tests, especially when the electrophoretic differences were only slight. Analysis of stylar ribonucleases is a convenient method of predicting S alleles in flowering material and thereby investigating incompatibility relationships. The polymorphism of the S locus makes it useful for checking the identity and parentage of cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

11种野生苹果种质资源RAPD标记研究

利用Ｃ．Ｇ．Ａｌｐｈａ等的ＤＮＡ微量提取法,提取了山荆子ＭａｌｕｓｂａｃｃａｔａＢｏｒｋｈ．等１１个苹果属植物野生种类的ＤＮＡ,并用５对引物对所研究材料的ＲＡＰＤ标记进行了研究。探讨了叶片中富含多酚类化合物的苹果植物叶片ＤＮＡ的提取及纯化方法,并初步建立了野生苹果ＲＡＰＤ标记的ＰＣＲ反应条件。     

苹果属植物种内和种间无融合生殖能力研究

】根据去雄套袋的座果率,用方差分析法研究了苹果属７个无融合生殖种类的种内和种间差异。结果表明,种间只有小金海棠与湖北海棠、三叶海棠和丽江山定子的差异极显著。在湖北海棠的４个类型中,南坪湖北海棠、盐源湖北海棠和平邑甜茶与丽江山定子差异显著,其余种间差异均不显著。湖北海棠不同倍性和来源的４个类型间无显著差异。     

平邑甜茶延长根和吸收根抗凋亡基因的表达差异及其对2,4-D 的响应

 以3 年生平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis（Pamp）Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang]盆栽树为材料,通过2,4-D 水溶液灌根处理,探讨了新根（延长根和吸收根）细胞死亡及其抗凋亡基因的表达特征。结果表明,在60 mg · L^-1 2,4-D 处理后的70 d 内,新根细胞死亡量和类caspase3/7（半胱天冬酶）活性先上升后下降,ATP 含量和根系活力的变化与之相反。平邑甜茶抗凋亡基因MhBAG、MhBI-1 与MhHSP70 在新根中均受2,4-D 诱导,随着2,4-D 处理时间的延长,MhBAG 基因的表达水平先下降后逐渐升高,MhBI-1 与MhHSP70 则先升高后下降。在2,4-D 处理下,吸收根细胞死亡量与根系活力的变化幅度明显高于延长根,吸收根MhBI-1 与MhHSP70 表达量的早期升高幅度大于延长根,表明吸收根细胞对2,4-D 的敏感性高于延长根;但在基因表达高峰时,延长根抗凋亡基因表达量的升高倍数明显高于吸收根,暗示延长根比吸收根有更强的抗凋亡能力。     

新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)种群年龄结构及其动态特征

新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）是我国珍贵的濒危野生植物。通过在伊犁河谷的那孜、大莫合沟、那拉提和交托海4个新疆野苹果分布区建立样地,绘制年龄结构图、编制静态生命表,采用生存分析探明种群的存在状况,应用时间序列分析预测种群发展趋势。结果表明：新疆野苹果年龄结构呈中部膨大,幼龄个体少,中老龄个体多,那孜种群年龄结构偏大,交托海种群偏小;与其他种群相比,大莫合沟V＇pi最小,随机干扰风险极大值（Pmax）接近0,对外界干扰较敏感;那拉提种群的区间寿命、总寿命和期望寿命低,消失率高,种群衰退早;不同种群的存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,表明各龄级的死亡率相近;随着龄级增加,种群死亡密度曲线先下降后上升,危险率函数在Ⅳ龄级后增加明显,说明环境压力对野苹果的影响在Ⅳ龄级后表现强烈;受虫害、旅游、放牧干扰影响,时间序列分析预测野苹果种群老龄个体数量增加,中、幼龄个体缺乏补充,呈现不同程度衰退。应采取人工促萌或补植幼苗,调控林地密度,控制虫害蔓延,加强野苹果种质资源保护。     

钻石海棠茎段的组织培养技术研究

为了建立钻石海棠的组织培养快繁体系,以钻石海棠单芽茎段为外植体,以MS为基础培养基进行组织培养研究,结果表明:5月份为单芽茎段外植体获取的最佳时间,此时污染率和死亡率都低,分别为15.3%和9.4%;最佳丛生芽诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L,诱导率为60.7%;最佳增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L,暗培养2周,增殖系数为4.65;生根培养基以1/2MS+IBA0.2mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L较好,平均根长为6.3cm,生根率为97.2%。     

Physiological disorders,bitter rot and other fungal decay of ‘Aroma’ apple fruit stored in controlled atmosphere

Effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions on physiological disorders and fungal fruit decay on apple ‘Aroma’ were investigated. Fruit from three growing seasons were stored at 1% or 2% O₂ (both at 2% CO₂) at either 1°C or 3°C in small research units; controls were kept in the same ventilated rooms at the two temperatures (ambient air). The fruit were removed from storage after four or six months and assessed for fruit decay immediately afterwards and after two weeks at 20°C. Fruit quality parameters were recorded at the end of storage. On a three-year average, fruit stored in CA was less ripe at the end of storage. After both four and six months storage, CA reduced total decay (physiological disorders and fungal decay) by on average 70% and 45%, respectively, compared to storage in ambient air. Senescent breakdown was lower after CA storage for four months, but not after six months and not after simulated shelf life. Soft scald was lower when stored in CA both after cold storage at 1°C and simulated shelf life. After storage at 3°C there was lower incidence of soft scald when stored in CA after four months, but not after six months. For fungal fruit decay in general, there was no effect of low oxygen, however, 2% O₂ gave slightly less bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) than 1% O₂ and significantly less than ambient air after simulated shelf life. Averaged over all oxygen levels, 1°C gave significantly less bitter rot than 3°C. It may be concluded that use of CA for storage of ‘Aroma’ is a good way of reducing development of physiological disorders. However, development of bitter rot seemed to be more influenced by temperature and storage time than by low O₂.     

观赏海棠新品种‘缨络’

观赏海棠‘缨络’系从‘亚当’（Malus‘Adams’）种子实生后代中选育出的新品种。树势较强,树姿较直立。一年生枝和幼叶红褐色,成熟叶浓绿色;花蕾深红色,开放后花瓣红色,花期偏晚;果实长圆锥形,整齐度好,果实底色浅绿色,果面盖色深红色,部分着色,色泽艳丽。花、果、叶颜色鲜艳,观赏价值高,抗寒和抗病性强。     

平邑甜茶根系构型、养分吸收和新梢生长对根域形状的反应

【目的】根系构型是根系的重要形态特征,也是影响植株养分吸收的重要因素,栽培容器可以通过特异的根域形状影响根系形态、结构和养分吸收特性;平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd.]是优良的苹果砧木,对根域环境反应敏感,本研究主要探讨不同形状的根域对平邑甜茶新梢生长、根系构型参数及根系养分吸收的影响,为分析和塑造理想根系构型及改善苹果砧木养分吸收和植株生长提供依据。【方法】分别利用盆口直径小于盆高、盆口直径大于盆高和盆口直径等于盆高3种陶土盆,创造深窄形根域、浅宽形根域和等高等径根域3种根系构型环境,早春将等体积、同类型的营养土装入盆中,并选择植株长势和根系形态相近的平邑甜茶幼苗移栽至上述陶盆中,8个月后取样调查根系形态构型参数、新梢生长量、根系活力和根系养分吸收速率。【结果】在根域形状不同的3种栽培环境中生长8个月后,平邑甜茶幼苗新梢生长、根系构型和养分吸收特性差异明显,其中,生长在深窄形根域中的幼苗一级侧根数量最多,一级和二级侧根长度最短,植株根/冠比最大,其根系活力和对钾的吸收速率最低,对磷、钙和锌的吸收速率较低,对铁的吸收速率较强。生长在浅宽形根域中的幼苗新梢粗长、叶片多,新梢生长量最大,一级侧根和二级侧根最粗和最长,二级侧根数量和毛细根数量最多,根/冠比较小,根系对钾的吸收速率最高,对磷和锌的吸收速率较高,对钙的吸收速率较低,对铁的吸收速率最低。生长在等高等径根域中幼苗新梢细短、叶片少,新梢生长量最小,主根最细,一级侧根数量和毛细根最少,根/冠比较小,其根系活力最高,对钙和锌的吸收速率较高,对磷、钾和铁的吸收速率较低。【结论】根域形状对平邑甜茶幼苗根系形态构型、养分吸收性能、根/冠比和新梢生长影响显著;深窄形根域使幼苗侧根长度和直径变小、一级侧根数量增多,植株根/冠比增大及对铁的吸收能力提高;浅宽形根域使平邑甜茶幼苗侧根粗且长、毛细根更丰富,植株对磷、钾的吸收能力和新梢生长增大;等高等径根域使幼苗主根直径变小、一级侧根和毛细根数量减少,使根系活力和植株对钙的吸收能力提高。     

变叶海棠的研究进展与应用前景

变叶海棠为我国西部高海拔地区植被恢复优良乡土树种,属蔷薇科苹果属植物,其果实具有很高的营养价值,叶片可制茶,是一种天然的绿色保健品。本文综述了变叶海棠生物学特性、植物区系、居群特征、起源、遗传多样性、形态学、抗逆性及栽培利用方面研究现状。提出野生变叶海棠资源现状调查、种质保存、人工扩繁技术、抗旱机理以及市场开发利用等研究亟待加强,同时展望了变叶海棠的市场开发前景。