Comparative Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon and Wheat Productivity under Arid Region

ABSTRACT

Organic amendments in the soil perform better than synthetic fertilizers in regards to soil fertility and sustainable crop productivity. Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of organic and synthetic fertilizers on soil fertility and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Soil fertility and protein contents of wheat grains (13.2% and 13.3% during 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively) were improved by organic amendments. However, synthetic fertilizer (at the rate of 150, 100, and 60 kg ha^?1 N, P₂O₅, and K₂O, respectively) applications resulted in the maximum grain yield (4.05 and 4.46 t ha^?1 during 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively). The observed and simulated soil organic carbon (SOC) reasonably agreed during RothC model validation (R ² = 0.99). Economic analysis showed the maximum net profit and relative increase in income ($729 US ha^?1 and 309%, respectively) from inorganic treatment. Application of synthetic fertilizers increased grain yield and farm profit while organic manure enhanced grain quality. The RothC model had potential for determining the SOC in organic farming under arid environment.     

基于高光谱数据的杨树叶片干物质含量的估算

将杨树叶片实测的理化数据和土壤背景光谱数据作为PROSPECT和PROSAIL模型的输入参数,输出杨树叶片高光谱数据模拟值,通过实测获得叶片尺度和冠层尺度干物质含量、等效水厚度以及高光谱数据,利用统计方法,分别对两种尺度杨树叶片干物质含量进行分析。结果表明:基于归一化指数计算方法,杨树叶片尺度和冠层尺度的最佳估算干物质含量的干物质含量归一化指数(NDMI)波段组合分别为1685,1704nm和1551,2143nm,使用偏最小二乘法分别对筛选波段组成的NDMI(1685,1704)指数和NDMI(1551,2143)指数构建叶片尺度干物质含量和冠层尺度干物质含量的估算模型,叶片尺度干物质含量估算模型精度为R2=0.663,RMSE=0.001g·cm-2,冠层尺度精度为R2=0.91,RMSE=16.7g·m-2。可见,高光谱技术对杨树叶片干物质含量的估算具有较高的精度,可为杨树叶片干物质含量的快速、无损估算提供参考依据。     

不同订正方法下CFSR再分析数据在天山西部山区径流模拟中的应用

以天山西部山区喀什河流域为典型研究区,基于1990-2000年的水文气象站点实测资料、2005年喀什河流域遥测降水数据及各时间段对应的CFSR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)再分析数据,通过实测站与其最近CFSR站多年月平均降水的比值,CFSR站点处2005年的年降水量与同期遥测年降水量的比值,以及基于实测站点降水数据和各CFSR站点与实测站点最近的CFSR站点的空间关系3种方法对CFSR降水数据进行订正。借助VIC模型,分析不同订正方法下研究区径流的模拟效果。降水时间序列分析结果表明,CFSR降水数据能够较好地在时间和空间上反应喀什河流域内月降水的变化情况。径流模拟结果表明,(1)CFSR降水数据的不同订正方法对径流结果影响较为明显;(2)基于实测站点降水数据以及各CFSR站点与实测站点最近的CFSR站点的空间关系订正的所有CFSR降水,在径流模拟中表现最好,模型率定期和验证期的模型效率系数均在0.80以上,多年径流相对误差在15.0%以内。该订正方法不仅考虑了降水在时间维度上的变化,还考虑其在地理空间维度的变化,较其它两种方法在径流模拟中具有更好的应用前景。     

A laboratory study on the relative stability of the check‐dam system in the Loess Plateau,China

The building of check‐dams is one of the most effective measures for the conservation of soil and water in the Loess Plateau of China, and the hydro‐sedimentologic balance is the most important factor influencing the relative stability of the check‐dam systems. This means that the soil and water in small watersheds controlled by the check‐dams will be absorbed internally, without the need for raising the height of the dams, if some given parameters have reached certain values. A runoff simulation experiment for a single check‐dam and a rainfall simulation experiment for the whole check‐dam system has been conducted, and the runoff/rainfall intensity and the parameter RV were determined through the annual erosion rate of the prototype watershed. The results indicated that the raising of the dam‐land altitude became slower, and the mean gradient of the gully was kept at a constant. The main reasons causing the check‐dam to show a good relative stability are the enlarging of the dam‐land area, the alleviating of erosion by the check‐dam, and the auto‐stabilizing mechanism of the gullies. This study presents a kind of scale‐down model experiment in which the ratio of the model geomorphological variable to the corresponding prototype variable keeps constant after the determinate runs of rainfalls, so that the soil and water erosion processes of the prototype could be monitored from the results of the model experiment. Four measures have been suggested for ensuring this ratio is a constant: (1) A bare‐land model with an appropriate erosion rate should be used in the experiment. (2) Dimensions of the landform, including the check‐dam, should normally be scaled down according to the prototype watershed. (3) Soil similar to those of the prototype should be used. (4) The antecedent water content before each rainfall simulation should be kept constant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江三角洲生态系统服务价值分析及趋势预测

[目的]对长江三角洲生态系统服务价值进行分析及趋势预测,以期为该区未来城市发展以及制定生态环境建设补偿政策提供支持。[结果]以长江三角洲16个地市2000—2014年的土地利用数据和相关统计资料为数据源,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法,参照修正后的生态系统单位面积生态服务价值系数,结合敏感性分析,探讨生态系统服务价值的时空演化规律,并利用马尔科夫模型对其未来3a的发展趋势进行了预测分析。[结果]区域生态系统总服务价值从2000年的1 303.89亿元减少到2014年的1 294.25亿元,变化率为-0.74%,水源涵养、废物处理和娱乐文化生态系统服务功能价值上升;在空间上,常州、南京、宁波、泰州、台州、扬州的生态系统服务价值不断增加,而其他城市的则处于下降趋势;对长江三角洲2015和2017年的土地利用构成和生态系统服务价值进行预测,呈现耕地、林地持续减少,建设用地持续增加的趋势,生态系统总服务价值将减少276.65亿元。[结论]在未来土地调整中应更多地考虑到生态服务价值的重要意义,格外注意对耕地、水域的保护,控制建设用地占用耕地和林地,继续加大植树造林力度,提高土地利用集约度,维持生态系统的功能。     

广西林下经济产业发展现状及经营模式

指出了发展林下经济是新形势下落实科学发展观、统筹城乡经济社会一体化发展的必然要求。分析了广西发展林下经济产业发展现状及林下经济的经营模式,并提出可行性建议。     

基于制动意图模糊识别的电动汽车再生制动研究

为能够最大限度地回收制动能量,增加汽车的续驶里程,达到节能减排的目的,应用模糊逻辑方法对双能量源纯电动汽车制动意图进行识别.应用Matlab/simulink建立制动意图模糊辨识器,对双能量源纯电动汽车再生割动能量回收进行初步建模,将所建模型嵌入仿真软件ADVISOR中进行仿真.仿真结果表明,通过制动意图识别,在一定程度上提高了双能量源纯电动汽车制动能量的回收,证明制动意图识别对双能量源电动汽车的制动能量回收起到积极的作用.     

吉林省林地立地质量评价及生产潜力研究

依据一类清查的标准木、样木和样地数据,构建主要树种(组)树高曲线,编制立地形表,用地形和土壤因子拟合立地形估测模型。以此,基于吉林省二类调查数据库,估测全省小班立地形,得到立地质量等级及分布。同时根据全省现实林分状况,综合确定各立地质量等级林地的生产潜力,由此对比分析现实与潜在生产力。结果表明:1)基于清查资料构建的立地形估测模型,经检验,均达到显著相关水平,可用于立地质量的评价;2)吉林省林地质量较好,林地质量等级为好和中等的分别占31.03%和66.00%,合计高达97.03%;3)全省现实生产力为潜在生产力的56.65%,仅7.20%的森林达到林地生产潜力水平,森林生产力仍有较大可提高性;4)基于一类清查和二类调查数据库的立地质量评价和生产潜力测算的方法可靠,具有可推广性。     

系统收获表研究的概念和功能(英文)

传统收获表是指某一树种在特定地区和管理体系下，以立地条件和年龄为变量描述林分平均生长过程的数表．林分密度管理图是根据林分密度效果编制的可预测林分平均收获的图．通过与传统收获表和林分密度管理图的概观比较和探讨，该文系统地阐述了系统收获表的概念和功能．系统收获表的基本特点是为预测现实林分在不同立地条件和管理体系下生长过程的计算机程序．因此，系统收获表能描述在多维变量（如年龄、立地条件、林分密度、胸径和树高）条件下的现实林分和单木的无数生长过程