美国森林健康状况

文章介绍了美国近年来的森林健康状况,指出2000～2002年是50年来美国森林火灾最严重的时期。同时,昆虫和病原体非自然传入也给美国造成了重大损失,乡虫害虫爆发生也是造成其森林危机的一个重要因素;南部阿巴拉契亚山脉的生态系统受到扰乱甚至由此出现了一个新的森林类型。尽管问题多多,但也取得了一定的成果。2002年布什总统签署了《健康森林执行规划》,与《国家森林防火规划》等形成一个森林恢复项目。     

The persistence of secondary forests on colonist farms in the BrazilianAmazon

While slash-and burn farmers convert forest to agriculture, they also regenerate significant areas of secondary fallow forests on their farms. Under what conditions does secondary forest cover persist on slash-and-burn farms? Survey data from Pará, Brazil show that secondary forests occupy 20% of farm area even after a century of settlement. In addition to restoring soil fertility, secondary forests contribute over 20% of farmers' income through products such as charcoal, fruit, game animals and firewood for on-farm processing. Econometric analysis shows that slow rates of population growth and increases in agricultural incomes through on-farm processing of agricultural products enable farmers to maintain long fallows and result in diversified systems compatible with secondary forest cover in the study area. On the other hand, declining agricultural productivity, subsidized credit, declines in the growth rate of secondary forests and policies favoring speculative land acquisition threaten secondary forest persistence. In older settlement areas, secondary forests are often the only forest resource available to the rural poor. Fallow areas should therefore be managed not only for agricultural productivity, but also for conserving forest resources.     

对十种林木病原真菌拉丁学名的讨论

本文对十种林木病原真菌的拉丁学名进行了讨论.这些学名,有的为裸名,有的为同物异名,有的值得再商榷,但这些名称目前在国内使用很普遍,故提出来加以讨论和订正,以期引起注意,避免混乱.例如文中对我国的白杨锈病病原菌学名改用Melampsoraaecidioides plowr以取代M.magnusiana Wagn和M.rostrupiiwagn的建议,希望得到指正.     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SQUARE MAGIC SQUARE AND TWOFOLD MAGIC SQUARE

This paper presents a construction method of square magicsquare and twofold magic square,and describes how to change the cons-truction into a pair of magic square Latin squares.As soon as a pair ofmagic square is constructed,the square and twofold magic square can bewritten.Then the number of the same order twofold magic square willbe infinite if it exists.     

1株圆环病毒3型美国毒株全基因组克隆与遗传演化分析

为了解进口美国种猪中获取的猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)毒株全基因组序列及遗传变异情况,根据GenBank中收录的PCV3基因组序列,设计2对特异性引物,对确诊感染PCV3的病死猪组织进行全基因组序列扩增、拼接、测序和序列分析。结果显示,获得的PCV3美国毒株(命名为PCV3_USA2021,GenBank登录号OL799306)全基因组序列长度约为2000 bp,与国内外不同地区的38个PCV3参考毒株同源性为98.7%~99.8%。其中,PCV3_USA2021株开放阅读框ORF1和ORF2与国内外38个参考毒株同源性分别为99.1%~99.9%和98.0%~100%。构建的全基因组系统进化树显示,该毒株为PCV3a亚型,与美国毒株(PCV3-US_SD2016)亲缘关系最近。本研究为PCV3的遗传变异、流行病学分析提供了参考,也为相关疫苗的研制打下了基础。     

Changes in distance decay relationships after river regulation: similarity among fish assemblages in a large Amazonian river

The construction of large dams has changed natural hydrology of many rivers in South America. Considering that little is known about the reorganisation of nonmigratory fish assemblages following an impoundment, we investigated changes caused by the construction of Lajeado Dam on the spatial distribution of nonmigratory fish along the Tocantins River, a large Amazonian river. In particular, we investigated changes in distance decay of community similarity (initial similarity and halving distance) in periods that preceded and followed the construction of the dam. For this study, we analysed data collected over a four‐year period, including seven sites distributed along the Tocantins River (~270 km). Initial similarity showed high values and little variation over the years. Halving distance, on the other hand, changed considerably after impoundment, showing progressive smaller values. In the first 2 years after impoundment, halving distance decreased by more than half of the initial value, indicating changes in distance decay relationships. An ordination analysis nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) indicated substantial changes in assemblage structure between pre‐ and postimpoundment periods, especially in sites close to the dam. In addition, after river regulation, we recorded shifts in species abundance across sites, while numerical dominance increased and local richness decreased in sites near the dam. Our results indicate that the dam changed diversity gradients along the river corridor, increasing the distance decay of assemblage similarity. All these findings evidence that nonmigratory fish assemblages are particularly vulnerable to river regulation.     

美国内部控制审计最新研究进展及启示

为贯彻《萨班斯·奥克斯利法案}404条款的执行,美国采用了PCAOB（公众公司会计监督委员会）制定的第2号审计准则——《与财务报表审计相整合的财务报告内部控制审计》。通过对第2号审计准则执行情况的反馈和评估,PCAOB于2006年12月提出新的审计准则提案以取代第2号审计准则。在对新准则提案重要条款探讨的基础上,指出了提案与第2号准则的差异,并结合我国实际情况,提出规范我国内部控制审计的系统建议。     

Nitrogen fertilization and aspects of fruit yield in a Missouri black walnut alley cropping practice

Increasing nut production through cultural practices is important to landowners for maximizing economic gain from agroforestry plantings. This project studied the effects of applying low rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer during either the spring or late summer, on pistillate flowers formed, fruits retained, and fruit quality (percentage kernel) in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) grown under alley cropping management. Treatments consisted of two forms of nitrogen fertilizers (NH₄NO₃ and NaNO₃) applied in mid-April, or mid-August of 1995 and 1996, and a nonfertilized control group. Pistillate flowers counted in May, 1996, showed that fertilized trees, regardless of timing or form of N applied, produced from 2.3 to 3.4 times the number of pistillate flowers as unfertilized control trees. Through the season, the fertilized trees had greater fruit retention, and ended with 2.9 to 4.8 times more walnuts (on a whole tree basis) than nonfertilized control trees. In addition, all fertilizer treatments resulted in increased nut yields from 1995 to 1996, while unfertilized control tree yields decreased approximately 70%. Summer application of fertilizer showed the greatest benefit to kernel weight. Average kernel weights of nuts from the summer-fertilized trees increased from 1995 to 1996, while kernel weight averages from spring-fertilized and nonfertilized trees remained unchanged or decreased. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

国内外绿豆农药最大残留限量标准对比研究

为了研究农药最大残留限量标准对中国绿豆对外贸易的影响,以中国、国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟、日本、美国、韩国和加拿大等国家绿豆农药最大残留限量标准为基础,从限量标准数量、限量大小和占比、限量宽松度等方面对比分析中国与贸易国之间的差异.结果发现,中国绿豆农药最大残留限量标准少,共83项,与日本的388项、欧盟的56...