土壤磷素流失的途径、环境影响及对策

土壤长期过量的P肥(包括化肥和有机肥)投入导致土壤P素水平的提高,从而加大了土壤P素流失的风险。大部分水体富营养化的限制因素是P,土壤P的流失是重要的非点源污染。本文对国内外有关土壤P管理的研究做一综述,内容包括土壤P对水体富营养化的贡献、土壤P的流失途径及影响因素、系列水体P和土壤P指数、土壤P流失控制对策(土地利用管理、立法、政策的改变)等。     

开垦对草甸土有机碳的影响

本文利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,选取科尔沁沙地东南缘草甸土两块10×10m的样地为例,分析了草地开垦8a后的耕地耕作层土壤有机碳含量和空间分布格局的变化,结果表明:草地与耕地表层(0～10cm)土壤有机碳含量差异不显著,草地亚表层(10～20cm)土壤有机碳含量低于耕地(p<0.05);草地与耕地表层和亚表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有明显差异,表现为草地的表层和亚表层的结构异质性分别大于耕地,分数维小于耕地,空间依赖性强于耕地,空间分布格局的破碎程度弱于耕地。耕地表层与亚表层土壤有机碳含量差异不显著(p<0.05),但空间结构特征和空间分布格局存在明显的差异;而草地表层与亚表层土壤有机碳含量差异显著(p<0.05),但空间结构特征和空间分布格局比较相似。因此,开垦不仅影响草甸土有机碳含量的高低,而且影响其空间结构特征和分布格局。这对进一步了解草地开垦对土壤有机碳及全球碳循环和气候变化的影响具有重要意义。     

土地利用方式对黄土丘陵土壤CaCO_3含量及分布的影响

本文以具有典型黄土丘陵特征的砖窑沟流域为例,对该流域梁峁地主要土壤类型上不同土地利用方式下0～200cm层土壤剖面CaCO3含量进行了分析。结果表明:土壤CaCO3含量耕地>林地>荒草地;耕地土壤CaCO3有明显的累积层,累积深度约在20～100cm之间;林地累积层深度约在20～60cm之间;而荒草地无明显累积层。这种现象与一般干旱半干旱地区不同。     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

贵州中部岩溶丘陵区不同土地利用和管理方式对土壤肥力的影响

本文研究了黔中岩溶丘陵区几种不同士地利用和管理方式下土壤物理、化学和生物学性状的特征。结果表明,农林(林草)复合利用模式在土壤粒级组成、孔隙分布、持水性能、有机质和N、P养分、酶活性等方面表现出较好的肥力性状特征,有机无机肥配施、精细管理的灌溉农田次之,而粗放管理的旱坡耕地,土壤肥力性状严重恶化,逐步向石漠化景观演变。不同土地利用方式和管理措施显著影响土地肥力变化的程度和方向,调整土地利用结构,实行基本农田精细管理、陡坡耕地退耕还林(革)是保护土地资源,实现区域生态重建和农业可持续发展的根本途径。     

土地污染的一个评价指标:土壤动物

土地质量评价指标体系成为当前的研究热点,而土地污染是影响土地质量的重要因素。为了对土地质量全面客观地进行评价,提出了土壤动物指标可以作为土地污染的一个间接指标。文章认为土壤动物与土地污染之间存在着密切的关系,并表现在土壤动物各个生物组织层次中:在土壤动物体内累积污染物,在个体层次上表现为毒理学影响,在种群和群落层次上表现为生态学影响。通过对比被污染土地中土壤动物各项指数与未污染土地中土壤动物各项指数,综合得出土壤动物指标,并以此指标作为土地污染的替代指标。     

农用地分等中产量比系数求算方法的研究

对现行《农用地分等规程》中产量比系数计算方法进行探讨,寻求产量比系数的最佳求算方法;研究结果表明《规程》中产量比系数的算法使得研究区冬季作物的自然质量等指数偏大,与实际不符;按两套产量比系数计算的结果则不存在这一问题;建议在农用地分等中,种植制度为一年两熟的地区应分冬夏设两个基准作物,分别编制冬季播种作物和夏季播种作物的产量比系数。     

Tillage and land use effects on soil microporosity in Ohio, USA and Kolombangara, Solomon Islands

Micropores are important to soil moisture retention and plant growth. Microporosity and pore size distribution were evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetery on aggregates from 35-year-old experiments started in 1962 at Wooster (40.5 °N, 82 °W) and South Charleston (39.8 °N, 84 °W) in Ohio, USA and from three land use practices on Kolombangara (8 °S, 157 °E) in Solomon Islands. Tillage treatments in Ohio included: moldboard plowing (MP), chisel plowing (CP), and no-till (NT) with continuous corn. The land use treatments in Kolombangara included: natural forest (NF), traditional farming (TF) and topsoil removal (TR). Pore size measured in aggregates ranged from 0.2 to 100 μm in diameter. Median pore radius was significantly (P < 0.05) larger for NT than for MP and CP treatments at Wooster, but not at South Charleston. Tillage treatments had significant effect on the volume of both storage and residual pores for both sites in Ohio. Volume of storage and residual pores were higher for Wooster than South Charleston soil. At Kolombangara, the NF treatment had significantly larger median and peak pore radii, and microporosity than TF and TR treatments. There was, however, no significant difference among treatments in the volume of pore size distribution. These data support a recommendation for adoption of no-till or conservation tillage in soils of the temperate region, and of minimal disturbance and effective erosion control in soils of the tropics.