水花生病原真菌的筛选与生防潜力的研究

为了开发恶性杂草水花生的生防真菌制剂,从自然发病的水花生病组织上分离了1株对水花生具有强致病性的病原真菌菌株WNJ01。该菌株在PSA平板上菌落为粉红色,生长速率为0.475 cm.d-1;不产生小型分生孢子,大型分生孢子3~5隔,具有明显的足胞,孢子大小为(36~56)μm×(4.0~5.6)μm,鉴定为镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.)。该菌株的适宜生长温度为20~30℃;当喷雾接种病原菌的孢子量为1×106mL-1时,接种后5 d水花生地上部完全萎蔫,15 d后地下部完全腐烂;接种后保湿超过6 h可以明显提高该菌株的致病效果;在孢子悬浮液中添加0.1%的吐温-20可以提高51.8%的致死效果。菌株WNJ01对除了水花生之外的其他13种植物均不致病。上述结果表明,WNJ01是1种对水花生具有强致病性、环境安全且具有潜在应用价值的生防真菌。     

甘肃省昆虫病原线虫3个优良品系的生物学特性研究

基于对大蜡螟幼虫Galleria mellonella的致病性测定,对采自甘肃省内的3个优良昆虫病原线虫品系(异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis megidis的0627 M品系、夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feitiae的0619 HT品系和斯氏线虫S.krussei的0657L品系)的生物学特性进行了比较研究,结果表明:在同等质量的大蜡螟幼虫体内,0627 M品系线虫繁殖量最高,侵染周期最长;0627 M品系和0619 HT品系侵染大蜡螟所用剂量小,但相同剂量下0619 HT品系的侵染速度较高;0627 M、0619 HT、0657L 3种线虫品系的侵染活性最适温度范围分别为20~25℃、15~30℃、20~30℃;在25℃恒温下,当沙土含水量低于1.0%时,3种线虫品系均丧失侵染活性.研究表明3种线虫品系在田间害虫防治上均具有较高应用潜力.     

甘肃省中西部小麦白粉菌生理小种RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记对采自甘肃省中西部20个小麦白粉菌菌株进行了研究。结果表明:在用9个扩增结果比较明显的随机引物扩增得到的81个RAPD位点中,有54个具多态性,多态性位点频率(单卫星方法统计)为66.7%。根据PopGene 32软件计算的Shannon多样性指数与Nei基因指数分别为0.455 6和0.296 8,多态性频率为96.3%,说明白粉菌菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析结果表明,多态性特征与菌株地理来源之间存在一定的相关性,与生理小种毒性关系不显著。     

宁夏枸杞红瘿蚊发生的气象等级预报

根据宁夏枸杞红瘿蚊在不同湿度沙土和壤土内的出土率试验结果,确定了不同土壤类型的枸杞红瘿蚊孵化出土的适宜土壤水分条件。根据枸杞红瘿蚊羽化出土后的危害率与气象条件的关系,建立了田间危害程度的气象关系模型和指标。结果表明,该模型对枸杞红瘿蚊羽化后的危害高峰期模拟、判断准确,但对夏末以后的预测检验存在一定误差。     

三七根际链霉菌Streptomyces sp. YNUCC0233木聚糖酶性质研究

从三七根际分离到一株产木聚糖酶链霉菌Streptomycessp.YNUCC0233。该菌所产生的木聚糖酶的最适反应温度为67℃,最适pH为6.0,在pH5.0~9.0和60℃以下时相对稳定。Ba2+和K+对该木聚糖酶有较强的促进作用,Hg2+、Cu2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Ni2+和EDTA对该酶有较强的抑制作用。对Streptomycessp.YNUCC023316SrDNA的1105bp片段的序列分析结果表明,Streptomycessp.YNUCC0233的16SrDNA片段与GenBank中所有已注册的链霉菌分类单位均不同。     

Soil Fertility Improvement by Litter Decomposition and Inoculation with the Fungus Mortierella sp. in Avocado Plantations of Colombia

Litter decomposition is a major process in nutrient recycling, despite that few studies have considered this in soil fertility management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of litter decomposition and its inoculation with the fungus Mortierella sp. on soil fertility parameters in Andisols cultivated with avocado cv. Hass. Litterbags containing avocado leaves either uninoculated or inoculated were distributed around the trees. As control litter was not allowed to accumulate on the soil surface. Eighteen months later soil samples were collected just below uninoculated and inoculated litterbags and control sites. Soil pH, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron significantly increased with litter and in some sites the increase was higher with inoculation. By contrast, soil aluminum, iron, and manganese were significantly lower in the presence of litter (uninoculated and inoculated), whereas zinc was significantly higher when litter was present.     

一株产邻苯二酚假单胞菌的筛选及其发酵条件的优化

从土壤中筛选到44株产邻苯二酚的菌株．其中X16菌株转化苯甲酸钠产生邻苯二酚的活性最高，根据其形态特征观察、16SrDNA序列同源性比较．初步鉴定为假单胞菌（Psudomonas sp．）。经过发酵条件优化后，发现该菌最适发酵的碳氮源分别为苯甲酸钠6g／L和聚蛋白胨2g／L；最适温度为32℃；最适pH为6.7；最适发酵时间为22h。在上述发酵条件下，该菌产邻苯二酚的能力达到1mg／mL，比条件优化前提高了25％o。     

花生根瘤菌对微量元素耐性的筛选

在YMA平板上对18株分离自四川的慢生型花生根瘤菌进行Fe、Co、Zn、B、Mo、pH的耐性实验。结果表明,在柠檬酸铁、钼酸铵浓度为0.50%时供试菌株均能生长,当柠檬酸铁浓度增至1%时有22%的供试菌株能正常生长,当钼酸铵浓度增至0.6%时有11%的菌株能正常生长;在硼酸浓度为0.05%时所有菌株生长受抑制或不生长;在硫酸锌或硫酸钴浓度为0.025%时分别有50%或28%的菌株能正常生长,当浓度增至0.075%时,供试菌株不生长或61%的菌株不生长。表明供试菌株对Fe、Mo的耐性较强,而对Co、Zn、B的耐性较弱;不同根瘤菌株对同一微量元素的耐性差异较大,同一根瘤菌对不同微量元素的耐性差异也较大。多数菌株在pH 6.0~8.0范围内生长正常,耐碱能力比耐酸能力强。因此,在研制"根瘤菌 微量元素"复配的根瘤菌剂时,微量元素不能随意复配,同时还需注意菌剂的pH。     

蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘降解的强化效应研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp.）对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的去除效果的强化作用及对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围（0~322 mg.kg-1）内,蚯蚓对供试植物苏丹草（Sorghum vulgare L.）生长促进作用显著。接种蚯蚓的土壤中,苏丹草在菲、芘各浓度下总生物量较未接种蚯蚓土壤分别提高14.41%~25.91%、14.39%~23.9%;蚯蚓活动可促进土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的降解,接种蚯蚓处理中菲、芘各浓度下降解率较未接种蚯蚓处理分别高4.20%~9.76%、3.69%~9.38%。土壤酶活性测定结果也显示蚯蚓活动可增加土壤酶的活性。     

Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Collection of Chinese Barley Varieties

One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre, Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources.