木霉D5菌株的鉴定及其杀线活性测定

通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定了1株杀线木霉D5菌株的种类,并评价了其孢子悬浮液和发酵液对禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae 2龄幼虫的毒杀活性。结果表明,木霉D5菌株为绿色木霉Trichoderma viride(ITS序列登录号：OL661629;TEF序列登录号：ON241311)。浓度为1.0×10⁷ cfu/mL的D5菌株孢子悬浮液和发酵液原液处理2龄幼虫72 h后,线虫死亡率分别为85.20%和86.57%。在温度为20～80℃范围内以及pH为2～10时,发酵液均具有较高杀线活性。     

Genetics of soybean-Heterodera glycines system

Genetics of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is very complex. Crosses involving PI 437654, which is resistant to all races of cyst nematodes with other sources of resistance (Peking, PI 88788, and PI 90763) indicated that resistance to race 3 was controlled by four genes, two of which were dominant resistance genes and the other two were recessive resistance genes. For race 5, a four gene model with two recessive and two dominant resistance genes in epistasis has been proposed. For race 14, the results suggested a three gene model with one dominant and two recessive alleles. Several other plant introductions have been isolated which have different genes conditioning resistance. Most of the currently grown soybean varieties derived resistance from Peking and/or PI 88788. Resistance to SCN in these soybean varieties has broken down because of the emergence of several new races and populations of SCN. The use of PI 437654 or Hartwig and other plant introductions with different genes for resistance will broaden genetic diversity and stabilize yield.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

我国大豆胞囊线虫生理分化动态的鉴定和监测研究

 1994~1995年,对采自我国5省市(区)17个县(市)和其中4个多年重茬种植抗病品种开始感病地区的26个大豆胞囊线虫居群,在国际统一的鉴别品种上进行了生理小种鉴定。共鉴定出1~6个小种。其中6号小种当时为国内新记录;并扩大了1号、2号、3号、5号小种在国内的已知分布范围,生理小种1号在黑龙江、2号在内蒙古、3号在江苏、5号在山东,均为各该省(区)的新记录。而全国则仍以1,3,4号小种分布广,为主要致害小种。还明确监测出近年来在4个重要病区出现的大豆抗病品种持续连作重茬后失抗感病是各自的大豆胞囊线虫生理小种发生变异所致;而连作感病品种却仍为各自的原小种,只是病情加重;由之看出其病地重茬的危害具有两重性。     

河北省小麦孢囊线虫病的发生与分布

于2009-2011年对河北省10个地区55个县的小麦孢囊线虫发生情况进行系统调查,共采集土样719份.调查结果表明:孢囊总检出率为52.7％,其中冬麦区孢囊的检出率为61.2％,春麦区孢囊检出率为0.石家庄地区孢囊检出率最高,达90％,各地区孢囊检出率大小顺序依次为:石家庄、邢台、保定、邯郸、廊坊、衡水、唐山、沧州、张家口、承德.其中唐山滦南县与任丘市孢囊线虫发生最为严重,分别有11.8％和7.7％地块每100mL土中的孢囊数量在40个以上.沙壤土中孢囊线虫的检出率最高,达63.0％,壤土与黏土中小麦孢囊线虫的检出率分别为60％和50％,在沙土地块未发现小麦孢囊线虫.依据孢囊线虫的形态特征,河北危害小麦的孢囊线虫种类应为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae).     

潜在外来入侵甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性风险分析

本文应用MAXENT与GARP两种生态位模型对甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性进行了风险分析和预测。结果表明甜菜孢囊线虫可在中国17个省市生存,适生范围为26°N～48°N,77.6°E～136°E。甜菜孢囊线虫入侵的高风险区:内蒙古南部、新疆西部、河北中南部、山西东北部、宁夏、甘肃北部;中风险区:北京、天津、陕西、山西大部、内蒙古西部和东南部、吉林西部、新疆北部;低风险区:河南、陕西南部、山东、内蒙古中东部、新疆中部、辽宁、吉林大部、黑龙江南部、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西、浙江北部;而青海、新疆南部、西藏、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、海南、内蒙古少数地区和黑龙江部分地区属于基本不发生区。我国内蒙古、新疆、辽宁等省市甜菜种植区均适合甜菜孢囊线虫发生,对上述地区的进出口岸应加强甜菜孢囊线虫的检疫工作。     

不同大豆品种与SCN 3号生理小种互作效应研究

 在田间研究了不同大豆品种对大豆胞囊线虫(soybean cyst nematode,SCN)的发育及繁殖的影响不同。结果表明,辽K89102为抗侵入型品种,Peking、PI90763、应县小黑豆、磨石豆和Franklin等的根内线虫从J2向J3或J3向J4发育过程中受到抑制,这些品种均有不同程度的抗线虫发育特性;不同品种对其根内SCN的雌雄分化有较大影响,感病品种根内SCN雌雄比远大于抗病品种,辽豆10根内线虫雌雄比例最高,为11.5:1.0,Peking根内线虫雌雄比例最低,为0.1:1.0;不同品种根围SCN最终群体量有较大差异,辽豆10根围土壤中胞囊量增加了331.5%,Peking和磨石豆的增幅最小,为16.7%。SCN侵染后,不同品种产生的组织病理学反应不同,抗病品种产生明显的组织病理学反应,表现在品种Peking和PI437654的根内线虫虫体附近根组织细胞有坏死现象,而感病品种辽豆10和开育10则没有坏死现象。     

拮抗大豆胞囊线虫根瘤菌的研究

对传统筛选生防根瘤菌的方法进行了改良,建立一种新的生防根瘤菌筛选体系—半根瘤法。利用此法结合根瘤菌回接结瘤鉴定,从全国7个省市土样诱集到的根瘤中,筛选出23株根瘤菌。分别测定其菌悬液、发酵液对大豆胞囊线虫J2的作用。结果表明:处理48 h后,5株根瘤菌菌悬液及发酵液对大豆胞囊线虫J2具有较高击倒率,分别为Snb21、Snb53、Snb92、Snb166和Snb711;处理72 h后,菌株Snb166和Snb711对大豆胞囊线虫J2具有较高致死活性,其中Snb166发酵液72 h处理J2致死率最高,达到84.27%。     

中国小黑豆对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性遗传研究

用大豆胞囊线虫（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓ）３号生理小种接种抗病品种小粒黑豆、连毛会黑豆、磨石黑豆与感病品种铁丰２４号、铁丰１８号、开育１０号杂交组合，根据Ｆ２代分析结果，小粒黑豆在铁丰２４号背景下表现出有两对抗病基因，在开育１０号的背景下由４对显性抗病基因控制对３号小种的抗性，磨石黑豆在铁丰２４号背景下有两对隐性抗病基因，铁丰１８号×连毛会黑豆组合Ｆ２代分离表现为三对基因的互补作用。