Influence of Soil Moisture on Root Colonization of Glyphosate‐Treated Soybean by Fusarium Species

Abstract

The widespread use of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) cropping systems may impact rhizosphere microbial associations and crop productivity. It was previously reported that glyphosate accumulation in the rhizosphere may stimulate colonization of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] roots by soilborne Fusarium. Field studies often reveal inconsistent root colonization by Fusarium, especially during growing seasons characterized by contrasting rainfall patterns. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the impact of different soil moisture contents on root colonization of glyphosate‐treated soybean by Fusarium species. Glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha^?1) was applied to greenhouse‐grown glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean at the two to three trifoliate-leaf (V2–V3) growth stage growing in a Mexico silt loam at 27%, 13%, and 10% soil moisture contents. Soil and plant samples were sampled periodically after herbicide application and selectively cultured for Fusarium. Highest Fusarium colonization was associated with the glyphosate treatment, with maximum levels occurring at the highest soil moisture level. Thus, glyphosate interactions with root colonization by Fusarium in glyphosate‐resistant soybean are greatly influenced by soil moisture content.     

Protecting Cucumber from Fusarium Wilt with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biocontrol effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and Glomus versiforme on Fusarium oxysporum wilt disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The results indicated that both AMF improved the growth of cucumber seedlings and reduced disease severity, but G. versiforme was more efficient. Compared with nonmycorrhizal plants infected by F. oxysporum, shoots and roots dry weights increased by 100% and 80% in G. versiforme–inoculated plants, and the qualities of seedlings were significantly improved; meanwhile, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in shoots of G. versiforme–inoculated plants were significantly greater than those of G. mosseae–inoculated plants and nonmycorrhizal plants. Moreover, for mycorrhizal plants, soluble sugar and free proline contents in mycorrhizal roots were significantly greater than those of nonmycorrhizal treatment; however, malonaldehyde content in roots and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased when the plants were attacked by F. oxysporum.     

Modeling the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Population of Fusarium oxysporum in Cucumber Continuously Cropped Soil

The influences of soil environmental parameters (water potential [W_p], pH, and temperature) on the indigenous population of Fusarium oxysporum (FO) over 5 years of continuously cropped cucumber (CCC) soil were studied. The use of response surface methodology to model the combined effects of environmental parameters on the soil log₁₀ FO internal transcribed spacer copies (ITSC) showed that high W_p of the soil, above –20 kPa, caused increased ITSC in the soil that was independent of the temperature and pH. Fusarium oxysporum was able to grow at all temperatures and pH values tested, and the greatest growth rate was observed at 23–24 °C and pH 5.3–5.4. The W_p is a crucial environmental factor that affects the growth of soil FO. This study should contribute to estimating the impact of environmental factors on the soil FO proliferation rate in CCC soil.     

pH胁迫下尖孢镰刀菌生长动力学模型

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)是兼性寄生真菌,引起农作物枯萎病,防治困难。研究来自不同寄主的尖孢镰刀菌在不同pH马铃薯蔗糖(PS)琼脂培养基上的生长情况,构建动力学模型,以了解培养基的初始pH差异对尖孢镰刀菌生长特性的影响。测定了尖孢镰刀菌菌株在不同pH培养基、25℃培养条件下的生长速度,构建生长动力学模型。供试6个尖孢镰刀菌菌株在pH为3~10的液体培养基中均有不同程度生长,不同菌株对培养基pH的影响规律相似,在不同pH的PS液体培养基中培养14 d后,液体培养基的pH均有靠近6~7的趋势。在pH为3~9的培养条件下,尖孢镰刀菌菌落可以分成4类:菌丝型、粘滑层型、菌丝粘滑层型和菌丝带粉状物,各菌株的菌丝和培养基色泽也有所差异。同一菌株在培养基不同pH下生长速度不同,其生长的最适pH为6~8,菌落平均直径最大(45~49 mm),亚适pH为4、5和9;而在pH为3、10和11时菌落直径明显变小(17~21 mm)。培养14 d后培养基pH对菌落形态、色泽有一定的影响,不同菌株在不同pH培养基培养下产孢量也存在差异。pH在4~8时其平均产孢量最大,达(223.8~273.3)×104cfu.mL 1,其中pH为6.38(自然pH)时产孢量最高,pH为11时产孢量最低。供试菌株在不同pH条件下的菌落生长速度和产孢量变化动力学模型均符合二次曲线方程。     

荷花腐败病菌的荧光定量PCR检测

建立一种快速、特异性强的定量检测荷花腐败病菌(Fusarium commune)的技术,评估该技术用于荷花腐败病菌定量检测的可行性,并对东莞莲湖的土壤、莲藕等样品的荷花腐败病菌数量进行动态监测,为防治该病害提供依据。采用以SYBR Green I为荧光染料的实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,对不同发病级别的荷花植株及其地下土壤的荷花腐败病菌的含量进行检测,并分析病菌含量与病害级别的相关性。结果表明,利用qPCR技术检测的最低检测限为1 fg/µL,添加健康荷花组织的基因组DNA后,该qPCR技术的最低检测限为10 pg/µL。对该qPCR反应的溶解曲线进行分析,扩增的产物仅有1个峰值,表明采用该qPCR技术扩增的DNA产物具有高度的特异性。染病植株中荷花腐败病菌的DNA含量与其发病程度呈正相关,而莲湖土壤荷花腐败病菌含量与病害级别的相关性低,但土壤中荷花腐败病菌的数量随着病害级别提高而增大。该qPCR检测体系能够对莲湖的土壤、发病莲藕等进行荷花腐败病菌的动态监测,可为该病的有效防治提供依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌TG26防病增产效应的研究

枯草芽孢杆菌TG26分离自丝瓜根部土壤,对多种植物病原菌有强烈抑菌活性。在小麦感病品种盆栽试验中,对小麦赤霉病的防效为82.25～89.80％;浸根处理对西瓜枯萎病和烟草青枯病的苗期防效可达100％。田间小区试验结果,该菌剂对小麦赤霉病、西瓜枯萎病和烟草青枯病的防效分别为76.4％、73.1％和79.6％,并有明显的增产效应。其分泌的抗菌蛋白对植物病原菌有很强的抑菌作用。     

土壤电消毒技术对大连市炮台镇玉米根际土壤中镰孢菌数量的影响

以大连市炮台镇玉米地为试材,研究了土壤电处理对土壤中病原菌的杀灭情况,尤其是对广泛引起玉米真菌病害的优势种群串珠镰孢菌(Fusarium moniliforme)数量的影响。结果表明:土壤经串珠镰孢菌接种后菌落数量为11×103cfu/g,设置电极距离为750mm,通电处理10min后,菌落数量减少为0.06×103cfu/g;电极差距离500mm通电10min测得串珠镰孢菌数量为0.04×103cfu/g。     

香蕉枯萎病致病分子机理与防治研究进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的土传毁灭性病害,一直严重危害世界香蕉生产,从而引起广泛关注和深入研究,但其致病机理到目前还不清楚。本文综述了香蕉枯萎病菌侵染寄主的过程、致病毒素的成分分析、致病相关基因、香蕉的抗病性和枯萎病防治等方面的研究进展,为全面、深入地揭示香蕉枯萎病致病的分子机理和开展新的防治途径提供研究方向和思路上的启发。     

番茄、茄子和辣椒枯萎病原菌分子鉴定及其致病性测定

调查了福建省番茄、茄子和辣椒3种主要茄科枯萎病的发生与症状情况,通过常规分离,依据Booth鉴定和分子鉴定相结合的方法,对从这3种茄科作物上采集的40个菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,40株镰刀菌中有35株属于尖孢镰刀菌,占总数的87.5％;3株为串珠镰刀菌,另2株为茄形镰刀菌。进一步利用Koch氏法则进行菌株致病性检测,结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌是本研究中所采集的番茄、茄子和辣椒病株的病原菌,而3株串珠镰刀菌和2株茄形镰刀菌均不造成寄主植物发病。     

引起新疆向日葵列当茎基腐病的镰刀菌分离与鉴定

[目的]向日葵列当在新疆严重发生,从田间自然死亡的列当植株上分离致病菌并进行鉴定,为新疆列当生物防治提供菌种来源.[方法]采用组织分离法分离采集的样品,采用形态学及分子生物学方法对采集的镰刀菌进行鉴定.[结果]从587个生病的向日葵列当样品上共计分离获得377个分离物,其中镰刀菌234个,占总分离物的62.07;;丝核菌114个,占30.24;;腐霉菌6个,占1.59;;其它23个,占6.10;.在镰刀菌中鉴定出了3个种,分别为尖孢镰孢Fusarium oxysporum、茄病镰孢Fusarium solani和Fusarium cerealis.[结论]镰刀菌是引起新疆向日葵列当的主要致病菌,为向日葵列当生防菌的进一步筛选提供了菌株来源.