棉花枯、黄萎病菌营养亲和性研究进展

介绍了棉花枯、黄萎病菌营养亲和性研究方法和营养体亲和群研究,并着重总结了利用营养亲和群结合DNA多态性技术,研究尖孢镰刀菌(FusariumoxysporumSchlechtend:Fr)专化型、生理小种、亲和群之间的关系,以及棉花黄萎病菌(VerticilliumdahliaeKleb.)亲和群与致病型关系的研究进展。     

接种方法和接种时期对不同玉米杂交组合穗腐病抗性鉴定的影响

为研究不同接种方法和接种时期对玉米拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病(Fusarium verticillioides ear rot,FER)抗性鉴定的影响,选取高抗×高抗、高抗×高感、高感×高感组合各3份,2022年在北京顺义和河南新乡分别用针刺果穗注射法与双牙签法在玉米吐丝后5、10、15 d进行接种。结果表明,吐丝后5、10和15 d接种,针刺果穗注射法分别比双牙签法的平均病情严重度高6.3%、3.9%和1.8%;吐丝后5 d接种,不同组合采用针刺果穗注射法接种未达到显著差异,采用双牙签法达到极显著差异(P<0.01);吐丝后10 d和15 d接种,不同组合使用针刺果穗注射法均达到极显著(P<0.01)差异,牙签法均未达到显著差异。采用双牙签法接种时,建议吐丝后5 d接种;采用针刺果穗注射法接种时,建议吐丝后10～15 d接种。     

Inheritance of virulence in Fusarium circinatum,the cause of pitch canker in pines

Wildtype strains of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker, were crossed to obtain an F₁ generation. Progeny of this cross were tested for virulence by inoculating Pinus radiata seedlings, and were found to induce a wide range of lesion lengths. Two strains from the F₁ generation that induced long lesions (= high virulence) were used as parents to produce an F₂ generation, followed by a second round of selection for high virulence to obtain an F₃ generation. Mean lesion lengths were not significantly different between the three generations (P ≥ 0.196). A parallel set of crosses was performed to select for low virulence by using progeny in the F₁ and F₂ generations that induced short lesions as parents for F₂ and F₃ generations, respectively. In this case, both rounds of selection resulted in a significant reduction in mean lesion length, from 33.8 ± 0.8 mm in the F₁ generation, to 19.7 ± 0.7 and 12.9 ± 0.7 mm in the F₂ and F₃ generations, respectively. Thus it is apparent that F. circinatum retains the genetic capacity for avirulence to pines, which could reflect a lack of strong selection for virulence in nature. Progeny of a cross between high and low virulence parents manifested nearly continuous variation in lesion lengths, consistent with virulence being a quantitatively inherited trait. Based on this cross, broad‐sense heritability (H²) was determined to be 0.74, which suggests that virulence is under strong genetic control.     

牛烂蹄坏尾病致病弯角镰刀菌代谢产物分离鉴定

取金寨县耕牛烂蹄坏尾病致病弯角镰刀菌的玉米培养物，用丙酮提取，硅胶净化，制备型硅胶大板分离，得到无色针状结晶体，经质谱和红外光谱分析，并经相关谱图数据库联机检索、甄别，按其分子量、化学式及结构式确定为麦角甾醇，从而证实了致牛烂蹄坏尾病的弯角镰刀菌可产生麦角甾醇。     

Primary Aspergillus and Fusarium keratitis in a Holstein cow

A 5-year-old female Holstein cow was examined for ocular discharge, periorbital swelling, an area of full-thickness corneal cellular infiltrate, fibrin, hypopyon, diffuse corneal edema, and miosis. The patient was diagnosed with a corneal stromal abscess and secondary anterior uveitis. Histopathology, mycotic culture, and polymerase chain reaction positive for Aspergillus and Fusarium DNA confirmed the presence of fungal infection. Response to therapy was adequate, and follow-up with the patient 1 year after diagnosis revealed a focal area of corneal fibrosis.     

镰刀菌毒素对动物毒性作用的研究进展

镰刀菌是污染粮食和饲料的主要真菌菌属之一,可产生多种高毒性、低分子量的代谢产物,如玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素等,这些毒素严重威胁动物和人类的健康.摄入镰刀菌毒素可对动物造成多种毒性作用,包括生殖毒性、免疫毒性、肠道毒性、肝肾毒性、细胞毒性及致癌性等.不同类型镰刀菌毒素引起的毒性作用不尽一致,且不同毒素...     

单味与复方中草药提取物抑制镰刀菌的比较研究

本试验以禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)和串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)为供试菌株,从26种中草药水提物中筛选出6种对两种镰刀菌有抑制效果的药物,通过不同的组方配伍,利用生长速率法检验不同组方对镰刀菌的抑制效果。试验显示:对串珠镰刀菌抑菌效果最强的为肉豆蔻-五味子两药配伍组,抑菌率为70.55%(P <0.05),比单药和三药配伍最优组分别高11%、17%。对禾谷镰刀菌抑菌作用最强的是肉豆蔻-诃子-石榴皮三药配伍组,抑菌率为77.91%(P <0.05),比两药配伍最优组高58%,较单药最优组提高90%;结果表明中草药提取物组方后可显著提高抑菌活性。     

植物病原镰刀菌产生的毒素种类及其危害

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是多种重要农作物的病原体,不仅可造成农作物产量和品质的严重损失还可在离体培养条件下或植物寄主体内产生一系列被称为镰刀菌毒素的次生代谢产物.这些毒素一方面作为致病因子与镰刀菌对宿主植物的致病力密切相关,另一方面可导致家畜生产性能下降和相关病症的出现,进而影响农业生态系统并对人类健康造成...     

AM真菌与根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,探究了丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌摩西管柄囊霉与苜蓿中华根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的影响,以期为合理利用两类共生菌,提高苜蓿抗病性提供理论依据。试验共8个处理,分别为接种或不接种AM真菌、根瘤菌和病原菌以及两两组合。与对照相比,AM真菌降低紫花苜蓿萎蔫和根腐病发病率80.13%(P<0.05)。AM真菌和根瘤菌互作促进苜蓿养分吸收、叶绿素合成,互作处理较对照叶绿素含量(soil and plant analyzer development value,SPAD值)提高61.85%,茎叶N含量提高26.5倍、P含量提高54.3倍,紫花苜蓿茎叶干重提高23.4倍(P<0.05)。AM真菌促进了紫花苜蓿根瘤的形成,较对照根瘤数多111.73%;AM真菌与根瘤菌二者互作,进一步促进了紫花苜蓿生长、养分吸收,降低了紫花苜蓿发病率,同时显著影响紫花苜蓿根系相关生化指标。互作处理提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性41.05%,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase)活性33.9%,茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)浓度23.32%,木质素(lignin)16.92%,脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H 2O 2)浓度分别降低26.68%,9.63%和25.26%,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量降低24.57%。综上所述,摩西管柄囊霉与苜蓿中华根瘤菌互作,可有效减轻紫花苜蓿镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的发生,二者具有良好的生防潜力。     

应用荧光定量PCR 技术分析普通菜豆品种中尖镰孢菜豆专化型定殖量

尖镰孢菜豆专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli)引起的菜豆枯萎病是菜豆生产中最严重的维管束类病害之一, 防治该病害有效方法是利用抗病品种。因此, 一种能够从菜豆受侵染组织中准确鉴定并定量检测枯萎病原菌含量的方法将有助于筛选抗性品种, 应用于普通菜豆枯萎病抗病育种。本研究基于荧光定量PCR技术开发出一种能够对定殖于菜豆组织中的枯萎病原菌准确定量的新方法。该技术对根、茎组织中病原菌DNA的最低检测量为1 pg, 能在接种病原菌6 d后明显区分抗病性不同的品种, 可在菜豆植株表现出明显发病症状前准确鉴定不同品种抗性水平的差异。经验证参试的感病品种BRB-130和A0640-1根、茎组织中定殖的病原菌DNA量显著高于抗病品种260205和黑芸豆, 与表型鉴定的结果完全符合。利用荧光定量PCR技术能够在病原菌侵染早期快速、准确、高效定量菜豆组织中定殖的病原菌, 这对指导菜豆抗病育种和植物病害传播的研究都具有非常重要价值。