Effects of different treatment methods of the fungicide jinggangmycin on reproduction and vitellogenin gene (Nlvg) expression in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)

Jinggangmycin is an antibiotic fungicide against the rice sheath blight, Rhizoctonia solani, in China. Previous investigations have shown that jinggangmycin leaf spray stimulated the fecundity of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae), but the effects of different application methods and concentrations of jinggangmycin on the reproduction of N. lugens have not been investigated. Here, we investigated three treatment methods (foliar and stem sprays and topical treatment) and four concentrations (100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) of jinggangmycin on the reproduction of adult female N. lugens. The results showed that leaf spray significantly stimulated the fecundity of N. lugens and increased the vitellin content in female ovaries and the gene expression level of vitellogenin (Nlvg), but there was no significant effect on reproduction found for stem spray. In four concentrations of jinggangmycin, leaf sprays at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 ppm and topical treatments of 100 and 200 ppm significantly increased the number of eggs laid, the vitellin content and the gene expression level of Nlvg compared to the control. Therefore, we suggest that stem spray at high concentration should be applied (if possible) when jinggangmycin is used against rice sheath blight to facilitate harmonious control of rice pests.     

节瓜枯萎病防治药剂田间筛选试验

8种根部淋施杀菌剂对节瓜枯萎病的防治试验结果表明,第3次施药后10 d,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1 000倍、68%精甲霜.锰锌水分散粒剂1 000倍、62.5 g/L精甲.咯菌腈种衣剂1 500倍和99%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂3 000倍对节瓜枯萎病的平均防效分别为86.0%、50.5%、18.3%和8.2%,而50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂1 700倍、50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂1 000倍、20%噻菌铜悬浮剂800倍和240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂1 500倍对节瓜枯萎病没有表现出防效。因此,对节瓜枯萎病有较好防治效果的药剂为50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,其次为68%精甲霜.锰锌水分散粒剂。     

Antifungal activity of flavonoids from Heteropterys byrsonimifolia and a commercial source against Aspergillus ochraceus: In silico interactions of these compounds with a protein kinase

To contribute to the development of new methods to reduce the contamination of coffee beans with Aspergillus ochraceus and ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by this fungus, the present work initially aimed to select plant extracts active against A. ochraceus. Among the extracts from 43 plant species, the most active was the one obtained from leaves of Heteropterys byrsonimifolia. This extract was subjected to a fractionation process that resulted in the purification of four flavonoids, among which the most active against the fungus was rutin, which presented a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, 32.5 μg/mL) close to the value obtained for the commercial fungicide benzalkonium chloride (7.84 μg/mL). In vitro studies with the isolated flavonoids and other four from commercial sources showed that the MIC for the flavonoid chrysin is equal to that observed for rutin, and results from an in silico study suggested that these flavonoids act against A. ochraceus by binding to a protein kinase produced by this fungus. Consequently, this enzyme and the studied flavonoids are potentially useful for the development of new products to control A. ochraceus in coffee beans.     

引发结合杀菌剂减轻莴苣种子热休眠和带菌量

试验研究了ＰＥＧ杀菌剂对两批莴苣种子发芽和带菌量的影响。结果表明，用－１．２５ＭＰａＰＥＧ８０００溶液，在２０℃黑暗条件下引发莴苣种子７ｄ，漂洗后干燥２ｄ，能显著减轻３５℃高温下的热休眠，提高了的发芽率，显著增３５℃，２０℃和１５℃下的发指数。ＰＥＧ引发后种子与杀菌ＦｕｎａｂｅｎＴ和Ａｐｒｏｎ３５ＳＤ混合减轻热休眠的效果最好，两样品中，以生活力较低的样品２效果较佳，发芽率从零提高到６５．５％，在不     

金叶女贞假尾孢病害的生物学特性和杀菌剂筛选

金叶女贞在6～7月和9～10月叶片上会出现许多不规则形状的病斑，俗称叶斑病，严重时会导致受害叶片早落。经研究其病原为假尾孢真菌Pseudocercospora sp．。通过人工接菌，观察了病害的症状、发病规律、培养特性、形态特征，以及温度、pH对菌丝体生长的影响。经室内杀菌剂筛选试验，用10g／L百菌清杀菌效果较好。     

陕西辣椒疫病病原鉴定及其防治剂的室内筛选

通过对陕西辣椒疫病病原菌的分离培养和形态学观察,将引起陕西辣椒疫病的病原菌鉴定为辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici Leonia);利用一套鉴别寄主,通过常规抗病性鉴定技术,对陕西辣椒疫霉菌进行生理小种鉴定,并采用菌丝生长抑制法和孢子囊萌发抑制法测定了12种常用的防治剂对辣椒疫霉菌的毒力.结果表明:陕西辣椒疫霉菌分离物属于生理小种3;不同供试药剂对菌丝生长和孢子囊萌发的抑制中浓度差异达到极显著水平;对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长抑制效果较好的是辣椒病菌清和活康壮,EC50分别为252.76 μg/mL(r=0.8669)和376.18 μg/mL(r=0.9304);对孢子囊萌发抑制效果较好的是69%烯酰吗啉WP和80%代森锰锌WP,EC50分别为317.61 μg/mL(r=0.9767)和421.70 μg/mL(r=0.9573);60%椒霸菌毒克星WP和50%扑海因WP对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长和孢子囊萌发几乎没有抑制作用.     

6种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病病菌室内毒力测定及田间药效评价

为了筛选出对辣椒炭疽病防治效果较好的杀菌剂产品,使用生长速率法和常规喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明:不同药剂对辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长速率影响不同,其中10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油对菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用,EC_(50)值分别为0.64μg/mL、0.95μg/mL和0.26μg/mL,25%溴菌腈可湿性粉剂、70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂和46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂的抑制作用较差,其EC_(50)值分别为21.08μg/mL、113.43μg/mL和303.47μg/mL。田间药效试验结果表明:在推荐剂量下,250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂2种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病具有良好的防治效果。250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油50 mL/667m~2、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油30 mL/667m~2和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂58.3 g/667m~2对辣椒炭疽病防效分别为84.03%、80.45%和80.94%。250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂是防治辣椒炭疽病的有效药剂,建议生产上推广使用,使用时还应注意不同作用机理的药剂之间要轮换交替使用,以避免因长时间使用同一种药剂而使病害产生抗药性。     

1-MCP复合杀菌剂对西州蜜甜瓜常温贮藏品质的影响

为了探究不同保鲜剂复合杀菌剂对甜瓜的保鲜效果,以西州蜜甜瓜为试验材料,研究了抑霉唑硫酸盐、ClO₂、咪鲜胺、1-MCP、1-MCP复合抑霉唑硫酸盐和无菌水对甜瓜常温贮藏下品质的影响。结果表明,与对照无菌水相比,所有保鲜剂均可显著抑制甜瓜采后腐烂与失重,维持果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量,提升贮藏品质。1-MCP与1-MCP复合杀菌剂处理可显著抑制西州蜜果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,呼吸峰值较对照无菌水分别降低43.7%和37.5%,乙烯释放峰值较对照无菌水分别降低47.9%和53.7%,呼吸峰值和乙烯释放峰值出现时间均推迟3 d。其中1-MCP复合杀菌剂对果实可滴定酸和Vc含量保持效果显著,与对照无菌水相比,可滴定酸含量提高40.0%,Vc含量提高38.2%,对西州蜜甜瓜的保鲜效果最好。     

Interaction of pesticides with p-glycoprotein and other ABC proteins: A survey of the possible importance to insecticide, herbicide and fungicide resistance

P-glycoproteins (p-gps) are ubiquitous membrane proteins from the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) family. They have been found in many animals, bacteria, plants and fungi and are extremely important in regulating a wide range of xenobiotics including pesticides. P-gps have been linked to xenobiotic resistance, most famously in resistance to cancer drug treatments. Their wide substrate range has led to what is known as “multidrug resistance”, where resistance developed to one type of xenobiotic gives resistance to a different classes of xenobiotic. P-gps are a major contributor to drug resistance in mammalian tumours and infections of protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium and Leishmania. There is a growing body of literature suggesting that p-gps, and other ABC proteins, are important in regulating pesticide toxicity and represent potential control failure through the development of pesticide resistance, in both agricultural and medical pests. At the same time, aspects of their biochemistry offer new hope in pest control, in particular in furthering our understanding of toxicity and offering insights into how we can improve control without recourse to new chemical discovery.     

白菜黑斑病空间分布型研究及杀菌剂筛选

通过对白菜黑斑病的空间分布型进行研究,结果表明:在发病初期,白菜黑斑病空间分布型为随机分布;在病害发生1代以后白菜黑斑病多为聚集分布;在病害发生后期,单株病斑数大于1 000的地块,白菜黑斑病可能成为均匀分布.通过室内杀菌剂的筛选,结果表明:退菌特对白菜黑斑病菌的毒力最强,福美双、代森锰锌(新万生)对白菜黑斑病菌的毒力也很强,杀毒矾、速克灵、百菌清对白菜黑斑病菌也有较好的毒力.