黄瓜子叶法筛选蔬菜灰霉病杀菌剂的研究

研究了以“黄瓜子叶法”为特征的蔬菜灰霉病杀菌剂的筛选模式.采用本方法标准药剂速克灵、扑海因获得很好的重复性;接种最适宜的分生孢子浓度为1×10~5/ml;菌丝菌龄对实验结果有明显的影响;采用浸渍法或喷雾法进行药剂处理对实验结果影响不大,但前者操作似更简单.供试乳化剂、溶剂中,除农乳700号及二甲基甲酰胺之外,对蔬菜灰霉病菌均无明显的影响.     

不同杀菌剂对向日葵菌核病的田间防治效果

为探明不同杀菌剂对向日葵菌核病的田间防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定5种杀菌剂对向日葵菌核病菌的菌丝生长和子囊孢子萌发的抑制作用,并进行田间防治试验。结果表明,20%吡噻菌胺SC对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC₅₀值为0.0302μg/mL,其次为75%拿敌稳WG和50%啶酰菌胺WG,EC₅₀值分别为0.0370和0.2152μg/mL。50%啶酰菌胺WG对菌核病菌子囊孢子的抑制作用最强,EC₅₀值为0.0563μg/mL。田间试验结果显示,50%啶酰菌胺WG对向日葵菌核病的防治效果最好,防效达到89.68%,可有效改善向日葵相关农艺性状,较对照增产34.58%。综合室内毒力试验和田间药效试验结果,50%啶酰菌胺WG对向日葵菌核病的防治效果较好,可作为田间控制病害的轮换药剂。     

几种药剂对烟草白粉病田间防效初探

进行了几种药剂对烟草白粉病的田间防效对比试验,结果表明:50%翠贝2500倍的防效最好,3次用药后的防效分别为59.27%、67.15%、84.29%;其次为10%世高1500倍,3次用药后的防效分别为37.75%、56.42%、73.71%;当前农民常用药剂甲基托布津1000倍的防效只有31.76%~42.93%;3种药剂药后都没有发生药害。     

蓖麻产品在农药中的应用及研究进展

文章综述了蓖麻的一些有效成分在农药领域中的应用,主要包括蓖麻提取物作为植物源农药在杀虫、杀菌方面的生物活性,以及以蓖麻油为原料合成农药乳化剂等。蓖麻作为生物农药具有独特的优势,发展前景十分广阔。     

Novel antibiotics as inhibitors for the selective respiratory inhibition method of measuring fungal:bacterial ratios in soil

The use of the selective inhibition (SI) method for measuring fungal:bacterial ratios may be limited due to biocide selectivity and the overlap of antibiotic activity. This study evaluated novel pairs of antibiotics for their specificity in soils of different origins and their potential reduction in inhibition of non-target organisms. Four soils selected for this study were from a semi-arid shrub-steppe, a loblolly pine forest and two grassland sites (restored and farmed prairie plots). Three bactericides were tested: oxytetracycline hydrochloride, streptomycin sulphate, and bronopol. Three fungicides were tested: captan, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The inhibitor additivity ratio and fungal:bacterial ratios were calculated from control and treated soils where inhibition was measured as CO₂ respiration reduction with biocides. We were able to minimize non-target inhibition by the antibiotics to <5% and thus calculate reliable fungal:bacterial ratios using captan to inhibit fungi in all four soils, and bronopol to inhibit bacteria in three of the four soils. The most successful bactericide in the restored prairie was oxytetracycline-HCl. Our results demonstrate that application of novel antibiotics is not uniformly successful in soils of different origin and that the SI technique requires more than just optimization of antibiotic concentration; it also requires optimization of antibiotic selection.     

Fungicide and cultivar effects on the development and temporal progress of wheat blast under field conditions

The epidemiology of wheat blast, caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae, is poorly understood, making it very difficult to manage. We reported on the individual and combined effect of host resistance and fungicide application for managing wheat blast disease on spikes. Two field experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were conducted in a region of Brazil where blast is not known to be endemic to evaluate its development as influenced by fungicide and host resistance. Plots of wheat cultivars BR-18 (partially resistant) and Guamirim (susceptible) were either treated with the fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin or left non-treated, and then inoculated with a spore suspension of P. oryzae at mid-anthesis. Spike blast incidence and severity, quantified at regular intervals after inoculation, increased over time, and fungicide and cultivar had statistically significant effects (P < 0.005) on both measures of disease and their temporal rates of progress. Relative to Guamirim-non-treated, BR-18-non-treated (resistance alone) led to 44 and 64% control of final incidence and severity, respectively, in Exp. 1, and 3 and 49% control, respectively, in Exp. 2. Guamirim-treated (fungicide alone) led to 65% control of incidence and 77% control of severity in Exp. 1, and 64% control of incidence and 95% control of severity in Exp. 2. For both incidence and severity, fungicide and resistance alone also reduced the temporal rate of progress relative to the susceptible non-treated. However, the greatest overall efficacy was observed when resistance and fungicide were combined, with over 70 and 90% control of final incidence and severity, respectively, and over 75% reduction in the temporal rate of spike blast progress. Based on percent control, the integrated effect of resistance and fungicide was additive for incidence, severity, and their temporal rates of progress, demonstrating the value of combining the two strategies to manage spike blast.     

葡萄灰霉病菌对3种杀菌剂的多重抗药性检测

【目的】为检测葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵、腐霉利和乙霉威3种杀菌剂的多重抗药性,指导生产上葡萄灰霉病的药剂防治。【方法】从甘肃、山东、北京等14个省、市、自治区采集葡萄灰霉病样分离纯化得到109个灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)单孢系菌株,采用最低抑制浓度法(MIC)测定了葡萄灰霉病菌对苯并咪唑类(多菌灵)、二甲酰亚胺类(腐霉利)和氨基甲酸酯类(乙霉威)杀菌剂的多重抗药性。【结果】结果表明,葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵、腐霉利和乙霉威的抗药性菌株率分别达到了83.5%、14.7%和17.4%;抗药性类型有BenRDicSNPCS、BenRDicRNPCS、BenRDicRNPCR和BenSDicSNPCR4种,所占比例分别为68.8%、13.8%、0.9%和16.5%。【结论】我国不同地区的葡萄灰霉病菌对苯并咪唑类、二甲酰亚胺类和氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂普遍存在抗药性问题,对多菌灵的抗药性较为严重,因此,在生产上,应选择一些替代的新型杀菌剂和生物农药。     

一滴灵对水稻稻瘟病的防治效果

[目的]探究一滴灵对水稻稻瘟病的田间防治效果及其安全性,确定最佳使用方法.[方法]以水稻“松粳9号”为试材,采用随机区组试验设计,以春雷霉素和清水为对照,研究0.1％一滴灵水剂喷施浓度9、18、27 kg/hm2 3个不同剂量对水稻稻瘟病的防治效果及其对产量的影响.[结果]所有供试药剂对水稻稻瘟病均有明显的防治作用,且对供试作物安全.随着0.1％一滴灵水剂用量的增加,对水稻叶瘟和穗瘟的防治效果呈现上升趋势,喷施一滴灵27 kg/hm2对水稻叶瘟和穗瘟的防治效果分别达到84.4％和86.6％;与对照春雷霉素相比,喷施一滴灵9 kg/hm2对水稻叶瘟和穗瘟的防治效果与喷施春雷霉素30 g,/hm2的防治效果相当.[结论]一滴灵的最佳使用方法为:以18 kg/hm2的用量于水稻孕穗期第1次施药,间隔10 ～ 15 d第2次施药.     

Methods for the investigation of metabolic activities and shifts in the microbial community in a soil treated with a fungicide

Samples from a sandy agricultural soil were treated with increasing amounts of a fungicide (Sportak). The effects on the soil microflora were investigated over several weeks by monitoring basal and substrate-induced respiration and basal and substrate-induced heat output. The microbial biomass, metabolic quotient (qCO₂), relative heat output (rqheat), lag phase of substrate use, and calorimetric: respirometric ratio were used as ecophysiological parametèrs. As structural and community-specific parameters, we recorded tryptophan contents and auxin metabolism, and calculated the ratios of fungal to bacterial respiration by antibiotic inhibition of substrate-induced respiration. Sportak either inhibited or stimulated the microbiota, depending on the length of exposure to the fungicide and the amount applied. Mineralization of dead biomass was reflected in increased soil tryptophan contents after the Sportak application. A shortened lag phase demonstrated inhibition and a prolonged lag phase stimulation of substrate use. This changed with the experimental phase. The rqheat and the calorimetric: respirometric ratio proved to be suitable parameters for the detection of stress metabolism (repair processes) in soil microbiota, because thermodynamic processes and catabolic and anabolic metabolism are taken into account at the same time. Following the application of Sportak, indole 3-acetic acid biosynthesis decreased while indole-3-ethanol biosynthesis increased, probably as a result of a transitional community shift from K-strategists towards r-strategists. It was not the fungicide but the formulation (mainly xylol) that damaged the organisms. A shift in the ratio of fungi to bacteria was also observed, suggesting that the bacteria were probably more sensitive to xylol than the fungi.     

化学药剂防治水稻纹枯病的新筛选方法：蚕豆叶片法

本研究以建立简便,快速的杀菌剂筛选方法为目村,在前人研究工作的基础上,建立了适用于水稻纹枯病杀菌剂生物测定模式－蚕豆叶片法,试验表明,该方法具有测定结果准确,方法简便,取材容易等优点。采用该方法对Ｐｅｎｃｙｃｕｒｏｎ,井岗霉素进行试验,获得了国内外报导一致的结果,与水稻植株法的防治效果,具有高的相关性。