Novel antibiotics as inhibitors for the selective respiratory inhibition method of measuring fungal:bacterial ratios in soil

The use of the selective inhibition (SI) method for measuring fungal:bacterial ratios may be limited due to biocide selectivity and the overlap of antibiotic activity. This study evaluated novel pairs of antibiotics for their specificity in soils of different origins and their potential reduction in inhibition of non-target organisms. Four soils selected for this study were from a semi-arid shrub-steppe, a loblolly pine forest and two grassland sites (restored and farmed prairie plots). Three bactericides were tested: oxytetracycline hydrochloride, streptomycin sulphate, and bronopol. Three fungicides were tested: captan, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The inhibitor additivity ratio and fungal:bacterial ratios were calculated from control and treated soils where inhibition was measured as CO₂ respiration reduction with biocides. We were able to minimize non-target inhibition by the antibiotics to <5% and thus calculate reliable fungal:bacterial ratios using captan to inhibit fungi in all four soils, and bronopol to inhibit bacteria in three of the four soils. The most successful bactericide in the restored prairie was oxytetracycline-HCl. Our results demonstrate that application of novel antibiotics is not uniformly successful in soils of different origin and that the SI technique requires more than just optimization of antibiotic concentration; it also requires optimization of antibiotic selection.     

Are insensitivities of Venturia inaequalis to myclobutanil and fenbuconazole correlated?

In the UK, two demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, myclobutanil and fenbuconazole, are recommended for controlling apple scab. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil was correlated with that to fenbuconazole. There was a marked reduction in the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil; averaged ED₅₀ values increased from 0.338 mg L⁻¹ in the baseline population to 2.945 mg L⁻¹ for isolates from a commercial orchard. Overall, the average ED₅₀ value for fenbuconazole was only about 20% of that for myclobutanil for the baseline population. There was an overall significant positive correlation in the fungal sensitivities to myclobutanil and fenbuconazole, but such correlation only accounted for 40% of the total observed variability. In addition, the magnitude of this cross-resistance varied among orchards. The finding is discussed in the context of fungicide deposition in relation to disease control.     

几种复配杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及DON毒素污染控制作用

为了筛选防治小麦赤霉病和控制毒素的高效杀菌剂,通过田间小区药效试验及小麦样品DON毒素检测,研究了4种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果和控制毒素的能力。结果表明,36%克菌丹·叶菌唑SC、45%戊唑醇·咪鲜胺EW、48%氰稀·戊唑醇SC和40%戊唑·多菌灵SC在小麦抽穗80%,扬花初期施用,对小麦赤霉病均有较好的防治效果,病指防效在84.25%~93.96%,样品DON毒素检测结果在0.12~0.64μg/ml,其中36%克菌丹·叶菌唑SC 900 ml/hm2的病指防效为93.96%,样品平均DON毒素检测结果为0.12μg/ml,控制毒素效果达93.72%。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂复配专利技术现状分析

从复配对象、申请量年代分布、申请区域分布、申请人分布等对国内外包含甲氧基丙烯酸酯类化合物相关的复配专利进行检索分析,指出了该领域的研究焦点和方向,并提出了国内相关领域机构或企业的研究方向及建议.     

7种杀菌剂对抑制油菜菌核萌发及子囊盘的杀灭效果

为探讨不同杀菌剂对抑制油菜菌核萌发及子囊盘的杀灭效果,采取室内测定和田间试验的方法,对7种常用杀菌剂的药效以及不同外部条件对菌核萌发、子囊盘数量及其存活率的影响进行试验研究。结果显示,供试7种杀菌剂均能显著抑制菌核萌发,并对子囊盘有显著的杀灭效果,田间防效均达到70%以上;不同外部条件对菌核萌发、子囊盘数量及其存活率有显著影响,在潮湿状态下菌核萌发率达到64.4%,干燥状态下能够存活但不能萌发,水淹状态下菌核死亡率达到90%以上,在药剂处理条件下虽能存活但萌发率较低;杀菌剂处理对不同深度土壤中的菌核萌发的抑制效果存在明显差异,埋土深度大于7cm很少萌发子囊盘,小于4cm能够较好萌发;使用杀菌剂土表喷雾处理能显著抑制菌核萌发产生子囊盘,其抑制率达到66.7%以上,但随埋土深度增加对菌核萌发抑制率明显降低。说明多菌灵、百菌清、菌核净及甲基托布津均可作为今后抑制油菜菌核萌发及杀灭子囊盘的较理想药剂,同时采取稻-油轮作、播栽前土壤深翻或土表药剂处理,能显著降低田间菌源量,是控制病害的有效措施。     

马铃薯晚疫病病原菌的分离及室内药剂筛选

为了有效防治马铃薯晚疫病,研究对采自河南省漯河市的晚疫病病叶进行了病原菌的分离及致病性验证,并用菌丝生长速率法测定了代森锰锌、氟啶胺、氢氧化铜、双炔酰菌胺、嘧菌酯5种常用杀菌剂对该病原菌的抑制效果。结果表明：①该致病菌的菌丝稀薄呈白色,孢子囊呈柠檬形,大小为（2～45）μm×（12～25）μm,结合致病性验证,确认其为疫霉菌（Phytophthora infestans）;②室内毒力测定表明5种杀菌剂对该菌均有一定的抑制作用,EC₅₀介于0.0276～7.0385 mg·L^-2之间,其中双炔酰菌胺和嘧菌酯的抑制效果较好,EC₅₀分别为0.0276 mg·L^-2和0.036 mg·L^-2,在生产中推荐使用。     

Chemical control of faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae)

The effectiveness of eleven foliar-applied fungicides on faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.) and on the seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were studied in growth chambers and in the field in Spain. Fungicides were tested at recommended and reduced rates. All the fungicides tested provided very effective preventive control in the growth chamber studies. Triazoles (difenoconazol, epoxiconazol, tebuconazol) and their mixtures with benzimidazoles (carbendazim-flutriafol and carbendazim-flusilazole) provided the most effective curative effect, even at 25% of recommended concentrations. They were followed by dithiocarbamates, copper dithiocarbamate mixture, carboxamide and chlorothalonil. Triazoles, benzimidazole-triazole mixtures and carboxamide maintained their effect until 15 days after fungicide application.Under field conditions, rust infection caused 22-26% yield reduction. All fungicides except mancozeb caused a significant decrease in disease severity under field conditions, but only treatments with triazoles and benzimidazole-triazole mixtures provided significant yield increases (22.7-15.6%) when applied twice. Three applications of oxycarbosin or copper-mancozeb were needed to provide a significant yield increase. Dithiocarbamates (thiram, maneb or mancozeb) or chlorothalonil reduced rust severity but did not provide a significant yield increase.     

不同药剂对水稻细菌性条斑病的防治效果评价

为有效控制水稻细菌性条斑病病害,科学合理选用防治正安县地区水稻菌性条斑病的杀菌剂,本研究以当地主要栽培水稻品种“宜香优2115”为试验材料,测定了60%唑醚·代森联、6%春雷霉素、20%吡唑醚菌酯、40%稻瘟灵对水稻菌性条斑病防治效果及生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:不同药剂防治下水稻细菌性条斑病病情指数和防治效果间存在差异性显著(p＜0.05),20%吡唑醚菌酯对水稻细菌性条斑病的病情指数最低和防治效果最优;较喷施清水对照处理相比,60%唑醚·代森联、6%春雷霉素、20%吡唑醚菌酯和40%稻瘟灵施用时水稻叶面积指数和干物质积累量增幅分别为10.29%、13.48%、15.17%、12.92%和15.15%、16.77%、18.92%、17.31%;20%吡唑醚菌酯施用时的水稻穗粒数和产量最高,分别为61.76穗/粒和627.75kg/亩。本研究可为遵义市正安县地区水稻生产中细菌性条斑病的防治提供理论依据和数据支撑     

Efficacy and effects on yield of different fungicides for control of wet bubble disease of mushroom caused by the mycoparasite Mycogone perniciosa

Carbendazim, iprodione, prochloraz-Mn, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl were tested in vitro and in vivo for their effect on Mycogone perniciosa, the mycoparasite that causes wet bubble disease of white button mushroom. In vitro experiments showed that prochloraz-Mn (ED₅₀ = 0.006–0.064 μg ml⁻¹) and carbendazim (ED₅₀ = 0.031–0.097 μg ml⁻¹) were the most effective fungicides for inhibiting the mycelial growth of M. perniciosa, while iprodione (ED₅₀ = 1.90–3.80 μg ml⁻¹) was the least effective. The resistance factors calculated for the five fungicides were between 1.4 and 2. The results obtained suggest that there is very little risk that M. perniciosa will develop resistance to the fungicides assayed. The in vivo efficacy of fungicides for control of wet bubble was studied in two mushroom cropping experiments, which were artificially infected with two doses of M. perniciosa, 10⁶ and 10⁷ spores m⁻², respectively. There was, in the low dose inoculum experiment, a very high degree of effectiveness (96.5–100.0%) with all the fungicides assayed. However, iprodione performed poorly (20.5–24.4%) compared with the other fungicides (88.7–100.0%) in the high concentration inoculum experiment. The most effective treatments for controlling wet bubble did not improve the biological efficiency of Agaricus bisporus.     

几种化学杀菌剂对茭白胡麻叶斑病的控制效果

为筛选出高效低毒并对作物安全的防治药剂,为茭白胡麻叶斑病的田间防治提供科学依据,选择7种常用杀菌剂进行田间药效试验,测定7种药剂对'余茭4号'茭白胡麻叶斑病的防治效果.结果表明,供试7种杀菌剂中,12.5％烯唑醇可湿性粉剂的防效在用药7 d和14 d后达64.0％和55.67％,在7种杀菌剂防效中表现最优,同时12.5...