七种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效评价

本研究评价了七种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效。室内毒力测定结果表明：30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂、35%噻呋.氟环唑悬浮剂、32%噻呋.戊唑醇悬浮剂、30%戊唑.嘧菌酯悬浮剂、500g/L苯甲.丙环唑乳油这5种杀菌剂混剂对水稻纹枯病菌均有较强的抑制作用,EC₅₀值在0.0572~0.2265 mg.L^_-1之间。田间防效试验结果表明：在药后7d,对水稻纹枯病防效最好的药剂为30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂,防效为95.02%,30%戊唑.嘧菌酯悬浮剂、32%噻呋.戊唑醇悬浮剂、35%噻呋.氟环唑悬浮剂和500g/L苯甲.丙环唑乳油的防效分别为93.15%、92.53%、92.26%、91.81%;在药后14d,30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂这5种杀菌剂混剂对水稻纹枯病的防效均达到93%以上。     

小麦白粉病和赤霉病兼治研究

为解决我省小麦白粉病、赤霉病、叶锈病、叶枯病混合危害的严重问题,研制成功了２种复配兼治新农药：３６％粉霉灵悬浮剂和３０％增效粉锈宁悬浮剂。毒力测定表明,２种新农药配方都有明显的增效作用;在小样加工工艺成熟的基础上,完成了中试工艺研究;建立了快速准确的分析方法和产品标准,１５ｔ２种新农药的试产品,各项理化指标均达到或超过国家标准,质量优异、稳定,证明配方合理,生产工艺成熟,达到工业化生产水平;克服了“粉锈宁”易结晶析出的难题,把“多菌灵”和“粉锈宁”复配加工成稳定的悬浮剂以及增效粉锈宁用纸浆废液加工,国内均未见报道;通过田间药效试验,明确了２种新农药的使用效果和技术。小区试验结果表明：（１）粉霉灵７５０ｇ／ｈｍ２对小麦白粉病、赤霉病、叶锈病、叶枯病都有特效,防治１次的综合平均防效达８７．９％;（２）粉霉灵悬浮剂与相同有效成份复配加工的可湿性粉剂产品（麦病宁、纹霉净、防霉宝）相比,药效提高１倍左右;大田示范结果表明：粉霉灵６００ｇ／ｈｍ２,防治赤霉病、白粉病的平均效果分别为８２％和９６％,比多菌灵７５０ｇ／ｈｍ２＋粉锈宁１２０ｇ／ｈｍ２的平均效果（分别为７１．９％和９４％）提高１０．１％和２％,增产率提高３％;?     

海南甜瓜细菌性果斑病田间药效试验

进行了5种药剂防治甜瓜细菌性果斑病田间药效试验。试验结果表明,第二次施药后7 d,5种药剂处理中以20%二氯异氰尿酸钠可湿性粉剂750倍液的防效最好,为65.47%,其次为53.8%可杀得(氢氧化铜)2000干悬浮剂800倍液,防效为56.45%;25%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂750倍液、72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂3 000倍液和12%松脂酸铜乳油800倍液3个处理的防效分别为51.60%,50.86%和50.20%。上述药剂在生产上可轮换使用,5 d 1次,连续2~3次。     

葡萄霜霉病·白粉病药剂防治试验简报

[目的]筛选能有效防治葡萄霜霉病和白粉病的药剂。[方法]在田间小区试验中,防治葡萄霜霉病设6种药剂,防治葡萄白粉病设3种药剂,于2种病害发生初期每隔7d施药1次,共施3次,施药后7～10d统计病叶率和病情指数,分析防治效果。[结果]6种药剂中,烯酰吗琳、灰霜特、金雷多米尔和灭菌成对葡萄霜霉病均有较好的防效,其中在霜霉病发生严重的地区,灰霜特防病效果最好,在发生较轻的地区,烯酰玛琳和金雷多米尔防效最好．其次为灭菌戍。供试的3种药剂均能较好地防治葡萄白粉病,在白粉病发病较为严重的地区,三唑酮防病效果最好,白粉病发生相对较轻的地区,阿米西达防治效果最好,其次为敌力康。[结论]该研究为这2种病害的防治提供重要的指导依据。     

Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides

In this study, cell death detected by DNA fragmentation labeling and phosphatidylserine (PS) localization was investigated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) midgut, salivary glands and ovaries after treating larvae with different pesticides offered via an artificial diet. To do this, honey bee larvae reared in an incubator were exposed to one of nine pesticides: chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, amitraz, fluvalinate, coumaphos, myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, glyphosate and simazine. Following this, larvae were fixed and prepared for immunohistologically detected cellular death using two TUNEL techniques for DNA fragmentation labeling and Annexin V to detect the localization of exposed PS specific in situ binding to apoptotic cells. Untreated larvae experienced ∼10% midgut apoptotic cell death under controlled conditions. All applied pesticides triggered an increase in apoptosis in treated compared to untreated larvae. The level of cell death in the midgut of simazine-treated larvae was highest at 77% mortality and statistically similar to the level of cell death for chlorpyrifos (65%), imidacloprid (61%), myclobutanil (69%), and glyphosate (69%) treated larvae. Larvae exposed to fluvalinate had the lowest midgut columnar apoptotic cell death (30%) of any pesticide-treated larvae. Indications of elevated apoptotic cell death in salivary glands and ovaries after pesticide application were detected. Annexin V localization, indicative of apoptotic cell deletion, had an extensive distribution in the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries of pesticide-treated larvae. The data suggest that the tested pesticides induced apoptosis in tissues of honey bee larvae at the tested concentrations. Cell death localization as a tool for a monitoring the subclinical and sub-lethal effects of external influences on honey bee larval tissues is discussed.     

甘蔗褐条病病原菌分离鉴定及其室内毒力的测定

针对海南省不同植蔗区甘蔗褐条病的典型病斑进行分离培养、单孢纯化、形态学观察、致病性检测以及结合r DNA-ITS序列分析鉴定病原菌。分离到的5株病原菌,经回接实验表明,病原菌HT-4致病性最强,能引起与田间病害一致的症状,将菌株HT-4的r DNA-ITS序列在NCBI上进行BLAST比对。结果表明:菌株HT-4与离蠕孢属(Bipolaris)相似性达到99%,结合形态学分析确定该菌是甘蔗褐条病的病原菌。室内毒力实验表明:在7种供试药剂中,50%咪鲜胺锰盐和10%苯醚甲环唑对病原菌抑制效果最好,EC50值分别为4.400 6 mg/L和9.421 1 mg/L。结果为甘蔗褐条病的防控提供科学参考。     

不同杀菌剂及复配对苜蓿锈病的防治研究

为了筛选防治苜蓿(Medicago sativa)锈病有效单剂和复配组合,本试验采用盆栽喷雾法,测定了14种杀菌剂及5种复配剂对苜蓿锈菌的毒力,并比较不同复配的协同增效作用。结果表明:在单剂毒力测定中,苜蓿锈菌对嘧菌酯最敏感,EC₅₀为1.8809mg·L^-1;甲基硫菌灵的毒力最弱,EC₅₀为747.0022mg·L^-1。按照不同杀菌机理的药剂复配机理,嘧菌酯和戊唑醇复配中,1:9组合产生相加作用,其余比例复配均表现为增效作用,其中5:1增效作用最强,增效系数SR为4.9684;嘧菌酯和烯酰吗啉复配,协同增效作用最强的是以1:3组合,增效系数为5.1114,但二者以9:1复配时产生拮抗作用;嘧菌酯和代森锰锌复配,1:7复配组合增效系数SR为4.5757,协同增效作用比较明显。吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑复配增效作用最强的是1:5复配组合,其增效系数SR为5.2276;与百菌清的复配,1:7复配组合增效作用最为明显,其增效系数SR为5.8058,因此,从单剂防效看嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯效果最好,复配剂中,吡唑醚菌酯和百菌清以1:7防效最好。     

黄瓜靶斑病药剂防治持效期的离体研究

离体条件下研究了7种杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病病菌防治的持效性。结果表明,不同药剂对病菌菌丝生长抑制的持效期不同。福美双对病菌的抑制效果最好,持效期达15 d以上,15 d后抑菌率仍达85%以上;溴菌腈、苯醚甲环唑、异菌脲对病菌菌丝生长也有较好的抑制效果,持效期也可达15 d;腈苯唑、烯肟菌酯对病菌的抑制效果较差,持效期为7 d;甲基托布津的抑菌效果最差,对病菌菌丝生长几乎没有抑制作用。     

Effects of Priming in Combination with Fungicides on Germination and Infestation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Two seed lots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Krolowa Majowych were primed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 at -1.25MPa for 7 days in dark at 20℃. Two fungicide treatments combined with PEG were used to control fungi: 1) Funaben T (0.1%) and Apron 35 SD (0.02%) were added to -1.25 MPa PEG solution (PEG+F); 2) After seed priming and drying,Funaben T was mixed at 5 g kg-1 and Apron 35 SD at 1 g kg-1 of seeds (PEG then F dust). PEG, PEG+F and PEG then F dust treatments reduced significantly thermodormancy and increased the seed germination at 35℃ in both lots. PEG then F dust treatment had the best effect on reducing seed thermodormancy at 35℃, and increased seed germination to 64.5% in lot 1 and 72.0% in lot 2 compared to 0 in untreated. PEG and PEG then F dust treatments have accelerated germination speed at 20 and 15℃ in both lots. There was a significant reduction in seed infestation in which the seeds were treated with PEG+F and PEG then F dust compared to untreated seeds and PEG primed seeds. PEG priming enhanced seed infestation considerably by Alternaria alternata, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Ulocladium spp. Mycological analysis showed higher frequency of Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium spp. in untreated seeds at 20℃. Priming in combination with fungicides significantly alleviated the infestation of fungi, especially Alternaria alternata infestation.     

Relating plant and pathogen development to optimise fungicide control of phoma stem canker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptosphaeria maculans</Emphasis>) on winter oilseed rape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">napus</Emphasis>)

In winter oilseed rape experiments at Rothamsted in 2000/01 to 2002/03 growing seasons, the severity of phoma stem canker epidemics in summer depended on the timing of phoma leaf spot epidemics in the previous autumn, and hence on the timing of Leptosphaeria maculans ascospore release. The first major release of L. maculans ascospores was earlier in 2000 (26 September) and 2001 (18 September) than in 2002 (21 October). Consequently, the autumn phoma leaf spot epidemic was also earlier in 2000 and 2001 than in 2002. The resulting stem canker epidemics were severe by harvest (July) in 2001 and 2002 but not in 2003. No correlation was found between the severity or duration of phoma leaf spotting (lesion days or lesion °C-days) and the subsequent severity of phoma stem canker epidemics. Rates of leaf production and loss were similar in the three growing seasons. Out of ca. 25 leaves produced on plants during each season, leaf numbers 10–14 generally remained on plants for the longest. Treatment with flusilazole + carbendazim in autumn decreased the severity of phoma leaf spotting for several weeks after treatment, decreased the severity of stem canker the following summer and increased yield significantly in 2001 and 2002 but not in 2003. The most effective timings for flusilazole + carbendazim application were when leaves 7–11 were present on most plants and at least 10% of plants were affected by phoma leaf spot. Two half-dose applications of fungicide reduced phoma stem canker and increased yield more than a single full dose application when phoma leaf spot epidemics were early (<800 °C-days after sowing).