Quantitative impact of CO2 enriched atmosphere on abundances of methanotrophic bacteria in a meadow soil

In the Giessen free-air CO₂ enrichment (GiFACE) experiment, 5 years of CO₂ enrichment led to decreased CH₄ uptake rates of the investigated meadow soil. In soils, CH₄ is mainly oxidised by methanotrophic bacteria. In the present study, abundances of methanotrophic bacteria and total bacteria in soil samples from the GiFACE experiment were quantified by applying pmoA- and 16S rRNA gene-targeted real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Methanotrophic bacteria of the Methylosinus group (Alphaproteobacteria) and the Methylobacter/Methylosarcina group (Gammaproteobacteria) were detectable by real-time PCR as well as by FISH. Both quantitative analytical approaches revealed that abundances of either bacteria or methanotrophic bacteria in soil samples from sites under CO₂-enriched atmosphere were decreased. Compared to ambient site, only 46 and 30.5% of methanotrophic bacteria and 38 and 63.2% of total bacterial cell numbers could be detected under CO₂-enriched atmosphere by FISH and real-time PCR, respectively. These results suggest that significantly decreased abundances of methanotrophic bacteria could explain reduced CH₄ uptake rates.     

六倍体小黑麦染色体的荧光原位杂交分析

采用基因组原位杂交(GISH)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对六倍体小黑麦进行了研究,以鉴定其含有的黑麦染色体的数目和结构特点,了解小黑麦基因组组成,为其在小麦遗传育种中的应用提供参考.分别以黑麦基因组DNA及pSc200和pSc250探针进行顺序GISH-FISH分析,结果显示该小黑麦含有21对染色体,来源于黑麦的2对染色体的长臂端部出现pSc200和pSc250信号,而另外5对染色体的两端部都有该信号.以Oligo-pSc119.2-1,pSc200和pSc250探针对小黑麦进行了双色FISH分析,发现小黑麦的Oligo-pSc119.2-1信号与黑麦基本相似,而pSc200和pSc250信号与黑麦的差异较大.以黑麦基因组DNA及Oligo-pAs1-1和Oligo-pSc119.2-1为探针对小黑麦进行顺序GISH-FISH分析,鉴定其基因组组成为AABBRR;同时发现小黑麦染色体的一些FISH信号发生了变化,其原因可能是小黑麦形成过程中染色体结构发生了改变,从而导致小黑麦的DNA重复序列呈现多态性.     

顶芒和无芒山羊草育种价值及细胞学标记

为了评价顶芒山羊草和无芒山羊草在小麦育种中的利用价值,本研究利用人工接种和近红外二极管阵列分析仪分别对圆锥小麦-顶芒山羊草双二倍体和中国春-无芒山羊草双二倍体的抗病性及籽粒品质进行了鉴/测定。结果表明,二者均近免疫小麦条锈病和白粉病,且其籽粒蛋白和湿面筋含量均极显著高于对照小麦,因此,这2个种质值得向小麦进行回交转育。为了建立可用于鉴定小麦背景中2种山羊草的细胞遗传标记辅助鉴定相应回交群体,利用寡聚核苷酸原位杂交(FISH)方法对2份双二倍体进行分析。结果发现,探针(GAA)8可有效鉴定小麦背景中的顶芒山羊草染色体;探针Oligop Sc119.2-1、Oligo-p Ta-535-1和(GAA)8结合使用可有效鉴定小麦背景中的无芒山羊草染色体。本研究首次建立的2种山羊草细胞遗传学标记可用于相应杂种后代的筛选与鉴定工作,为辅助选育含有2种山羊草优异基因的小麦新种质奠定了基础。     

水仙荧光原位杂交体系的建立

摘要：建立以水仙染色体为靶、rDNA为探针的荧光原位杂交实验技术,为进一步利用荧光原位杂交技术分析水仙的亲缘和进化关系奠定了基础。水仙的染色体制片以去壁低渗-火焰干燥法较好,容易获得大量清晰、分散的有丝分裂中期相;切刻平移法地高辛标记探针、染色体和探针共变性90℃ 5 min能有效的进行水仙rDNA的染色体荧光原位杂交定位。     

DNA分子原位杂交在植物分子细胞遗传学研究中的应用

DNA分子原位杂交（in situ hybridiation）是植物分子细胞遗传学研究的重要工具。本文简要回顾了DNA分子原位杂交的起源和发展,详细综述了基因组原位杂交（genomic in situ hybridization, GISH）在植物细胞遗传学研究中的应用以及荧光原位杂交（Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）在物理作图和染色体识别中的应用。文中还介绍了Fiber-FISH、BAC-FISH以及Immuno-FISH等新兴技术。最后对FISH技术进行了展望。     

椭圆悬钩子、红毛悬钩子和栽秧泡的原位杂交及系统分类研究

Chromosomal localization of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA were studied by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization（FISH）on metaphase chromosomes of Rubus ellipticus,R. pinfaensis and R. ellipticus var. obcordatus. Genomic in situ hybridization（GISH）technique was also used to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among them. The results showed that two 45S rDNA and two 5S rDNA sites were detected in the three taxa. All 45S rDNA sites were localized on terminal chromosomal regions. 5S rDNA loci localized on peri-centromeric region of short arms in R. ellipticus and R. pinfaensis,but located on terminal regions in R. ellipticus var. obcordatus. GISH results indicated that the genomes of R. ellipticus and R. pinfaensis shared many common DNA sequences on 14 chromosomes. Eight weak signals around centromere and telomere were shared between R. ellipticus and R. ellipticus var. obcordatus. Meanwhile,R. pinfanesis showed close relationship with R. parvifolius from subsection Stimulantes,distant with R. coreanus from subsection Pungentes. Combined the above data and morphological differences,we approved the view that R. ellipticus and R. pinfaensis should be combined and placed the combined species R. ellipticus into subsection Stimulantes. R. ellipticus var. obcordatus should be treated as R. obcordatus rather than as a variety of R. ellipticus.     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦衍生后代的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

为了有效挖掘滨麦优异的基因资源,利用形态学、细胞学、荧光原位杂交(FISH)、基因组原位杂交(GISH)和分子标记等技术,对小麦-滨麦衍生后代M13063-3-3进行了鉴定。结果表明,M13063-3-3的染色体构型为2n=44=22Ⅱ。以滨麦基因组DNA为探针的原位杂交结果显示,二条染色体有杂交信号,且能配对,表明两条外源染色体是滨麦的一对同源染色体。SSR、EST和PLUG标记分析表明,M13063-3-3附加的滨麦染色体归属于第6部分同源群染色体。A-PAGE电泳分析表明,M13063-3-3在α区具有滨麦染色体特征带,进一步验证了附加的滨麦染色体与小麦第6部分同源群染色体有部分同源关系。田间条锈病调查结果表明,M13063-3-3对条锈菌生理小种条中31号、条中32号和条中33号混合菌种表现高抗。因此,M13063-3-3是一个附加了一对滨麦第6部分同源群染色体的抗条锈病的普通小麦材料,为小麦抗病育种提供了新的种质资源。     

利用原位杂交及CAPS标记分析芸薹属A、B和C基因组间的关系

以来源于Brassica rapa基因组(AA)的重复序列(151 bp)为探针, 分别同二倍体白菜型油菜(AA, 2n=20)、甘蓝(CC, 2n=18)和异源四倍体芥菜型油菜(AABB, 2n=36)的中期染色体杂交, 白菜型油菜和甘蓝的所有染色体上都有杂交信号, 芥菜型油菜的染色体上显示出20个明显的信号, 其余染色体上信号很弱或无, 可以区分出A和B基因组。对来源于油菜3个基本种与3个复合种FAE1基因进行CAPS分析表明, 3个基本种表现出不同的酶切式样, 用Mbo I和Msp I酶切表现出多态性, 基因组A和C非常相似, 而基因组B与A、C关系较远, 同时3个复合种也并不是2个基本种的简单相加, 表明异源四倍体在长期进化过程中可能发生了重排和重组。     

The Physical Location of Gm-2 and Gm-6 in O.officinalis with BAC-FISH Based on Comparative RFLP Map of Wild Rice and Cultivated Rice

Rice BAC library is used widely in rice genome research due to its distinctive advantages over other library systems. In this study, two rice BAC clones closely linked to rice gall midge resistance, Gm-2 and Gm-6, were in situ hybridized to Oryza officinalis chromosomes. They were located on the long arm of chromosome 4 with FL 72.33% and 77.10% respectively and their FL was consistent with the selective marker of rice, RG214 and RZ569. The frequency of signal detection was 61.2% and 59.5% respectively.Our study was based on comparative RFLP map of wild rice, O. officinalis, and cultivated rice, O. sativa.     

4份圆锥小麦-乌拉尔图小麦双二倍体的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

为了给小麦育种提供新的种质资源,对4份圆锥小麦-乌拉尔图小麦双二倍体(AABBA^uA^u)的农艺性状、染色体组成及高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成进行了鉴定。农艺性状调查结果表明,4份双二倍体的株高介于108.45~129.43 cm,分蘖数介于7.3~17.5个,穗长介于10.23~12.17 cm,小穗数介于16.26~22.06,自交结实率介于37.77%~70.46%;4份双二倍体对目前的流行条锈菌混合生理小种(条中31、条中32、条中33、条中34和水源11-4)均表现为高抗。利用寡核苷酸序列探针Oligo-pSc119.2-1、Oligo-pTa535-1、Oligo-pTa71-2、pTa-713和简单重复序列探针(AAC)5进行FISH分析,可区分出圆锥小麦-乌拉尔图小麦双二倍体的42条染色体。花粉母细胞染色体配对观察表明,在这些双二倍体的减数分裂中期I,染色体大多配对成二价体,仅有少量的单价体、三价体和四价体。SDS-PAGE分析表明,来自于乌拉尔图小麦TA#831的1Ay亚基在双二倍体Syn-TAU-2中得到了表达,但其迁移率发生了变化;来自于PI428270和PI428274的1Ax和1Ay亚基分别在双二倍体Syn-TAU-3和Syn-TAU-4中得到了表达。这些双二倍体可作为新的资源材料用于普通小麦的遗传改良。