美味猕猴桃新品种‘瑞玉’果实品质综合评价

【目的】对猕猴桃新品种‘瑞玉’与11个美味猕猴桃品种的果实品质进行比较分析,以评价新品种‘瑞玉’的综合品质。【方法】以西安猕猴桃试验站种质资源圃的新品种‘瑞玉’及其他11个美味猕猴桃品种为试材,在果实达到成熟期测其单果质量和果形指数,可食条件下测其硬度及可溶性固形物、干物质、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、维生素C含量,采用方差分析、相关性分析及主成分分析对果实品质进行综合评价。【结果】与其他11个猕猴桃品种相比,‘瑞玉’的单果质量和可滴定酸含量最低,分别为81.11g和0.83%;果形指数和维生素C含量居中,分别为1.42和83.53mg/hg;干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比最高,分别为24.50%,21.28%,12.09%和14.53。可溶性固形物含量与干物质和可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.949和0.868;可溶性糖含量与干物质和维生素C含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.900和0.841;可滴定酸含量与维生素C含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.739。主成分分析提取出3个主成分,主成分1所携带的信息主要是干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、可滴定酸含量;主成分2所携带的信息主要是维生素C含量和果形指数;主成分3所携带的信息主要是单果质量和硬度。【结论】新品种‘瑞玉’的干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比显著高于其他几个品种,且综合品质较高;主成分分析显示,12个猕猴桃品种品质优劣的顺序依次为‘金魁’、‘翠香’、‘瑞玉’、‘海艳’、‘哑特’、‘徐香’、‘晨光’、‘贵长’、‘秦美’、‘秋明’、‘海沃德’和‘米良一号’。     

中心干不同分枝数量对Y-1矮砧富士生理特性的影响研究

为给‘Y-1’矮砧‘富士’高纺锤形树体最佳留枝量提供理论依据,以‘Y-1’矮化中间砧嫁接‘长富2号’为试材,通过中心干3 种留枝数量(30、35、40)处理,探讨其对树体生长和果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,随着留枝量增加,‘Y-1’矮砧‘富士’树体树高、干径相应增大,但不同处理对树高、干径、冠径、新梢长度和粗度的影响差异不显著。留枝量35 和40 的树体光合有效辐射显著高于留枝量30 的处理,3 种处理的叶面积指数差异极显著,留枝量35 的冠下、株间的叶面积指数分别为3.78、3.43,属于苹果栽培的最佳叶面积指数区间。果实产量随留枝量增加而提高,但这种影响在盛果期差异不明显,留枝量35 的树体优质果率明显高于其他2 个处理,同时,其果实单果重、可溶性固形物含量、硬度均极显著高于其他2个处理,可滴定酸含量最低,果实风味浓郁、品质最佳。综合考虑树体生长势、光能利用率、果实产量和品质、实际操作等因素,生产上‘Y-1’矮砧‘富士’高纺锤形树体的适宜留枝数量为35。     

叶幕型和植物源营养液处理对赤霞珠葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

【目的】研究叶幕形整形方式和叶片喷施营养液等对“厂”形树形赤霞珠葡萄生长和果实品质的影响,为天山北麓产区优质酿酒葡萄的生产管理提供理论依据。【方法】以7a生“厂”形树形“赤霞珠”葡萄为研究对象,设置篱壁式叶幕、篱壁式叶幕＋营养液、V形叶幕、V形叶幕＋营养液4个处理;并于果实膨大期、转色期、成熟期测定果际温度、湿度等环境指标变化,测定果实转色期叶幕不同部位光合有效辐(PAR)日变化规律及叶片质量和光合指标,果实成熟期测定粒重、籽粒数、皮果比、籽粒/果重、果穗松散度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总黄酮、总多酚等品质指标。【结果】V形叶幕型能够有效改善叶幕群体的受光条件,提高浆果不同发育阶段果域日温差,果穗更为松散,浆果可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、酚类物质和总黄酮含量提高。【结论】喷施植物源营养液能够提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和叶片的光合能力,改善叶片的生理活性;皮果比和种子数显著提高,可溶性固形物、酚类物质和总黄酮含量显著提高,V形叶幕型和喷施植物源营养液均能改善赤霞珠葡萄的酿酒品质。     

不同灌水量对干旱区枸杞水分利用效率及产量和品质的影响

【目的】利用非称重式蒸渗仪,研究不同灌水量对枸杞产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响,为干旱区枸杞节水灌溉提供理论依据。【方法】以5年生宁杞1号枸杞为研究对象,开展不同灌水量灌溉试验,试验共设4个处理,以习惯灌水量为对照,其他处理灌水量为对照的2/3、1/2、1/4, 分别记为 L₁、L₂、L₃、L₄,重复3次。分析灌水量对产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响。【结果】增加灌水量,枸杞各生长阶段的耗水量增加,各处理不同生长阶段的耗水量均以对照最大;灌水量对枸杞果形指数和枸杞总黄酮含量的影响不显著;随着灌水量的减少,枸杞受水分胁迫的程度加剧,果实横径、枸杞总黄酮含量和枸杞多糖含量呈下降的趋势,蒸腾蒸发量逐渐降低,产量显著减少;与对照相比,各处理间差异显著,各处理均表现为减产,降幅依次为11.31%(L₂)、43.07%(L₃)、45.69%(L₄)。【结论】在生产中,453.30 m³/667 m²的灌水量为枸杞适宜的灌水量。     

枣果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性与抗裂果的关系

【目的】测定枣果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性,研究果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性与抗裂果的关系。【方法】以抗裂枣品种扁核酸与易裂枣品种京枣39为研究对象,测定生长过程中枣果皮不同部位细胞壁代谢酶活性,比较抗裂和易裂枣品种果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性的差异。【结果】抗裂枣品种不同时期不同部位果皮的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性显著或极显著高于易裂枣品种,而在绿熟期不同部位抗裂品种的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著低于易裂品种。【结论】易裂品种果皮果肩阴面POD活性和PPO活性在白熟期显著高于抗裂品种,而其余时期其余部位则是抗裂品种的POD活性和PPO活性显著高于易裂品种,易裂品种果皮的梗洼、果顶、果肩阳面和果肩阴面CAT活性在绿熟期极显著高于抗裂品种,而其余时期则是抗裂品种高于易裂品种。     

电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器设计与试验

油茶果机械化采摘是目前亟待解决的难题,其中花苞损伤又成为机械采摘难以克服的问题。设计了一种电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器,分析了胶辊机构采摘油茶果的过程和原理,得到了油茶果碰撞脱落的临界条件。通过对采摘头回转架组件参数设计,确定了回转架组件上对辊间距有效调节范围为20~65 mm,初步拟定回转架转速范围为20~40 r/min。在江西农业大学油茶林进行了油茶果采摘试验,并对电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器作业中油茶花苞损伤进行了研究。结果表明:当胶辊直径为30 mm,间距为25 mm,胶辊旋转速度为30 r/min,胶辊线速度为0.833 m/s时,直径大于25 mm的油茶果能全部被采摘,漏采率为13.6%,且未开的花苞未见明显损伤。     

四川省辣椒种质资源的辣椒素含量评价

为了解四川省辣椒资源的辣椒素含量分布,为辣椒资源分类、鉴定、保存和育种提供参考,采用GB/T 21266—2007的方法对四川省83份辣椒种质资源的辣椒素含量和果形进行研究。结果表明：（1）辣椒外形和辣椒素含量无显著相关性;（2）83份参试材料的辣椒素含量差异显著,辣椒素含量最高为22.61 g/kg,最低仅为0.16 g/kg,平均含量2.20 g/kg;（3）通过类平均法将83份辣椒种质资源按照辣椒素含量聚为5类,分别为极高、高、普通、低、极低,普通和极低类群包含的种质最多,分别为18、48份,而极高和高包含的种质最少,分别为2、8份。本研究明确了一批四川辣椒种质的辣椒素含量,为辣椒种质资源的研究利用提供了理论依据。     

土施钾肥对骏枣叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以新疆阿拉尔垦区直播密植栽培模式下的4年生骏枣为试验材料,研究了密植枣园硫酸钾不同施用量和施肥时期对骏枣叶片光合特性及果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,土施钾肥显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn),以果实膨大期或坐果期结合膨大期土壤追施硫酸钾450 kg/hm~2处理的效果最为显著,而坐果期施钾肥显著降低骏枣叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)。骏枣叶片水分利用效率(WUE)随着施钾量的增加而提高,且施肥时期越早效果越显著;蒸腾速率随施钾量的增加而降低,胞间二氧化碳(Ci)含量未受钾肥调控影响。增施钾肥显著提高了骏枣果实单果重、可溶性糖、淀粉及Vc含量,降低有机酸含量,从而提高糖酸比,并提高单果重和鲜果产量,以果实膨大期土施钾肥450 kg/hm~2效果最为显著,其次为果实硬核期施肥。     

Non‐specific immune responses and intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract

This study investigated the effects of Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract (JFE) as an excellent source of nutrients and phytochemicals on the innate immune responses and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Three hundred healthy carps (10.78 ± 0.05 g) fingerlings were randomly allocated to 12 fibre glass tanks (300L; 15 fish per tank) and fed for 8 weeks with experimental diets which contained different levels of JFE (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1%). Thereafter, serum non‐specific immune parameters [total immunoglobulin (Ig) as well as alternative complement (ACH50) and lysozyme activity (SL)] and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity (lyz, tnf‐alpha, il1b, il8, il10, and tgfb) were measured. The results revealed a significant elevation of Ig level in the JFE‐fed fish (p < 0.05) over the control fish. However, there was no significant difference among treated groups in case of serum total Ig. The highest levels of SL and ACH50 were observed in fish fed 1% of JFE. Nonetheless, no significant difference was noticed regarding SL and ACH50 of control and other supplemented groups (0.25% and 0.5% JFE). Also, expression of lyz, tnf‐alpha, and il1b genes increased significantly (p < 0.05) in JFE‐fed fish, in a dose‐dependent manner. On the other hand, significant (p < 0.05) down‐regulation of il110 and tgfb were noticed in treated groups. The present findings suggested that extraction of Jujube, Z. jujube fruit, possesses beneficial effects on immune responses of common carp.     

Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates,fishing effort,expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment

Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.