致病杆菌CB43菌株对灰霉病菌的抑制作用

测定了致病杆菌CB43菌株代谢物对灰葡萄病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:CB43代谢物对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,500、250、125ml/L代谢物能完全抑制菌丝的生长,并具有杀死作用。62.5ml/L的发酵液处理灰葡萄病菌菌丝72h的抑制率仍达83.35%。20ml/L的发酵液处理灰葡萄孢菌丝能引起菌丝畸形,异常分支、粗短。CB43代谢物能杀死灰葡萄孢分生孢子或抑制其萌发,500~62.5ml/L的发酵液处理16h后,孢子萌发抑制率达88.1%~97.91%。温室试验表明,CB43代谢物对黄瓜灰霉病的控制效果达84.09%,化学农药40%施佳乐的效果为72.94%。     

南方根结线虫Col基因分子克隆及其VIGS效应分析

为了明确线虫角质层胶原蛋白基因(Col)与根结线虫病害的关系,利用从线虫基因组中预测的Col设计特异引物,克隆了南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognitacol基因MiCol.该基因完整编码区长903bp,编码300个氨基酸.克隆的MiCol与预测的MiCol基因序列一致性高达99.67％,氨基酸序列一致性高达100％.利用病毒介导的基因沉默技术,将其导入番茄植株并接种南方根结线虫,60 d后,沉默载体pTV-MiColi处理番茄植株的根结数比空载体对照及清水对照分别减少49.4％和49.2％,表明MiCol基因沉默显著降低了南方根结线虫的侵染数量.     

Natural hybridization between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives Aegilops geniculata Roth and Aegilops triuncialis L.

BACKGROUND

Cultivated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spontaneously hybridizes with wild/weedy related Aegilops populations, but little is known about the actual rates at which this hybridization occurs under field conditions. It is very important to provide reliable empirical data on this phenomenon in order to assess the potential crop–wild introgression, especially in the context of conducting risk assessments for the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) wheat, as gene flow from wheat to Aegilops species could transfer into the wild species genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insects, diseases or environmental stresses.

RESULTS

The spontaneous hybridization rates between wheat and A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, which are very abundant in the Mediterranean area, have been estimated for the first time in the northern part of the Meseta Central, the great central plateau which includes the largest area of wheat cultivation in Spain. Hybridization rates averaged 0.12% and 0.008% for A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, respectively. Hybrids were found in 26% of A. geniculata and 5% of A. triuncialis populations, at rates that can be ≤3.6% for A. geniculata and 0.24% for A. triuncialis.

CONCLUSION

The detection of Aegilops spp.–wheat hybrids in Aegilops populations indicates that gene flow can occur, although wheat is considered a crop with a low-to-medium risk for transgene escape. These data on field hybridization rates are essential for GM wheat risk assessment purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Development of Stem-base Pathogens on Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Determined by Quantitative PCR

The progress of development of stem-base pathogens in crops of second winter wheat was plotted in nine experiments in three years. The amount of each pathogen present was determined by quantitative PCR. Where Tapesia yallundae was present in quantifiable amounts, it usually developed earlier than the other eyespot pathogen, T. acuformis. Both species were usually present in greater amounts on cultivars which are more susceptible to eyespot. The sharp eyespot pathogen, Rhizoctonia cerealis, developed more erratically than either of the Tapesia spp. and there were no consistent effects on different cultivars. Fusarium spp., the cause of brown foot rot, were rarely present in quantifiable amounts, but Microdochium nivale was usually present as one or both of the varieties nivale and majus. Late-season (after anthesis) decreases in M. nivale suggest that any brown foot rot symptoms attributable to this fungus would have fully developed earlier. Cultivar differences in amounts of M. nivale were most clear in stems during internode extension and when relatively large amounts of DNA were present. Such differences approximately reflected eyespot susceptibility, cv. Soissons containing most and cv. Lynx containing least DNA. The results emphasise the difficulty in relating diagnoses, by quantitative PCR or other means, at early growth stages when decisions to apply fungicides against stem-base disease are made, to later disease severity.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Neophysopella species associated with Asian grapevine leaf rust in Brazil

Asian grapevine leaf rust (AGLR) causes severe crop losses in Brazilian viticulture, mainly in latitudes <25°S. The purpose of this study was to identify the pathogen(s) involved with AGLR in Brazil, based on phylogenetic and morphological analysis and pathogenicity tests. In total, 56 monouredinial isolates from six Brazilian states were identified using the internal transcribed spacer 2 and the large subunit rRNA gene D1/D2 regions. All 50 isolates from the south-central region were classified as Neophysopella tropicalis, and the other six isolates from the north-east region as Neophysopella meliosmae-myrianthae. This result provides evidence that two pathogen introductions from different sources may have occurred in the country. For both species, paraphyses were cylindrical, incurved, aseptate, and hyaline, while urediniospores were short-pedicellate, obovoid or obovoid-ellipsoid, with the wall colourless or pale yellowish, evenly echinulate. Representative isolates from both species caused typical AGLR symptoms on Vitis vinifera 'Merlot' and V. labrusca 'Niagara Rosada'. Overall, regardless of the Neophysopella species, isolates caused similar leaf disease severities. Higher disease severity was observed in Niagara Rosada (average of 40.3% of diseased leaf area) compared to Merlot (20.5%). This study reports, for the first time, the characterization of Neophysopella species associated with AGLR in Brazil.     

Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces species from potato common scab lesions in Norway

The present survey was conducted to isolate and characterize Streptomyces species from common scab lesions of potato in Norway. Bacteria were isolated from scab lesions on tubers sampled in two consecutive years at different locations in Norway spanning ～1400 km from south to north. In total, 957 independent isolations from individual tubers were performed, with 223 putative pathogenic isolates obtained from 29 different potato cultivars and 130 different fields. Streptomyces europaeiscabiei was the most abundant species isolated from common scab lesions (69%), while 31% of the isolates obtained were S. turgidiscabies. Streptomyces scabies was not found. Pathogenicity of selected Streptomyces isolates was tested on potato. The ability of the bacterial isolates to infect potato was consistent with the presence of the txtAB operon. The results revealed no pattern in geographical distribution of S. europaeiscabiei and S. turgidiscabies; both could be found in the same field and even the same lesion. Four different pathogenicity island (PAI) genotypes were detected amongst the txtAB positive isolates: nec1+/tomA+, nec1–/tomA+, nec1+/tomA? and nec1?/tomA?. The current findings demonstrate that there is genetic variability within species and that the species are not spread solely by clonal expansion. This is thought to be the most comprehensive survey of Streptomyces species that cause common scab of potato in a European country.     

一种对桃小食心虫高毒力的斯氏线虫Steinernema sp.(CB-2Y)

本研究在室内用“沙埋法”比较了两种斯氏属昆虫病原线虫Steinernema sp.(CB-2Y)和S.feltiae Agriotos对桃小食心虫的侵染力,结果表明CB-2Y线虫对桃小食心虫幼虫和冬茧的侵染力都高于Agriotos线虫。接线虫笫7天桃小食心虫LD50,CB-2Y组为49条线虫,而Agriotos组为158条;冬茧的LD50分别为1330条和24046条。在桃小冬茧开始活动期(6月15日)分别施用两种线虫,一个月后检查桃小食心虫成虫羽化率,CB-2Y线虫的控制效果明显优于Agriotos,在1024条线虫/桃小食心虫冬茧时(75条/cm~2),越冬代桃小食心虫的羽化率分别为8.2％和29.2％。     

木霉对植物的促生及诱导抗性研究进展

木霉不仅能够直接抑制植物病原菌的生长,还可通过定殖于植物的根部引起植物新陈代谢的改变。本文综述了木霉在植物根部定殖后,通过产生植物生长调节剂、抑制或降解根际有害物质、增加养分利用率以促进植物生长以及通过产生激发子诱导植物形成胞壁沉积物、合成抗菌物质以诱导植物局部或系统抗性的研究进展,以期为进一步扩大木霉在农业生产中的应用提供参考。     

几种农药对草原毛虫的防效试验

采用喷雾法,用几种农药对草原毛虫进行防治,结果表明,生物源农药瑞·苏1.2%微乳剂对草原毛虫,速效性较好,持效期长,药后7~14d防治效果保持在80%~90%。