Further evaluation of the efficacy of emamectin benzoate for treating Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Dujardin 1843) in zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822)

Pseudocapillaria tomentosa is a pathogenic nematode parasite, causing emaciation and severe inflammatory lesions in the intestines in zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822). Emamectin benzoate is commercially available analogue of ivermectin used for treating salmon for sea lice, under the brand name SLICE^®, and we have used this for treating zebrafish with the P. tomentosa. Here, SLICE^®, 0.2 per cent active emamectin benzoate, was used for oral treatments at 0.35 mg emamectin benzoate/kg fish/day for 14 days starting at 7 days post‐exposure (dpe). Another experiment entailed initiating treatment during clinical disease (starting at 28 dpe). Early treatment was very effective, but delaying treatment was less so, presumably due to inappetence in clinically affected fish. We evaluated emamectin benzoate delivered in water, using Lice‐Solve? (mectinsol; 1.4% active emamectin benzoate) in two experiments. Application of four 24‐hr treatments, space over 7 days was initiated at 28 dpe at either 0.168 or 0.56 mg emamectin benzoate/L/bath, and both treatments completely eradicated infections. This was 3 or 10 times manufacture's recommended dose, but was not associated with clinical or histological side effects.     

防腐剂苯甲酸钠的药理及毒理学研究

概述了苯甲酸钠的防腐机理和毒性机理研究,并介绍了苯甲酸钠及其替代物的利用现状。     

(4-亚甲基-5-羰基-3-四氢呋喃基)-苯甲酸甲酯衍生物的合成及其杀菌活性

为了探索天然产物Cedarmycins衍生物的结构与活性关系,以α-亚甲基-β-羟甲基-γ-丁内酯为起始原料,经过与不同取代的羧酸缩合,合成了19个新的(4-亚甲基-5-羰基-3-四氢呋喃基)-苯甲酸甲酯衍生物。杀菌活性测定结果表明,该类衍生物具有广谱的杀菌活性,尤其对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani和辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici显示出很强的杀菌活性,其中化合物2e(R=2,4-2Cl)对这2种病菌的EC50值约为1.6 mg/L。     

毒死蜱和甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在甘蓝及玻片上的消解动态与复合效应研究

研究毒死蜱、甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(以下简称甲维盐)单剂以及两者的混剂在田间甘蓝中的消解动态和室内玻片上的光解情况.田间试验表明,单剂与混剂中的毒死蜱在甘蓝中的消解半衰期差异不显著,甲维盐在甘蓝中的消解半衰期差异显著.光解试验表明,甲维盐与毒死蜱的剂量比为10∶1时,甲维盐对毒死蜱的光解产生显著的促进作用,其作用效应与剂量比成正相关;毒死蜱与甲维盐剂量比为3∶1时,毒死蜱对甲维盐的光解产生显著的促进作用,剂量比为5∶1时达到饱和.结合田间试验毒死蜱与甲维盐在甘蓝中的初始剂量比为168∶1,表明过量的毒死蜱加快了甲维盐在甘蓝中的消解,而低剂量的甲维盐对毒死蜱在甘蓝中的消解影响不显著.     

Comparative study of stress response,growth and development of uteri in post‐weaning gilts challenged with zearalenone and estradiol benzoate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of zearalenone (ZEA) and estradiol benzoate (EB) on stress injury and uterine development in post‐weaning gilts. Thirty healthy post‐weaning female gilts (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) aged 28–32 days were randomly allocated to three treatments as follows: (a) basal diet (Control), (b) basal diet plus 1.0 mg/kg purified ZEA (ZEA) and (c) basal diet plus 0.75 ml (1.5 mg) EB per pig at 3‐days intervals by intramuscular injection (EB). The serum estradiol (E₂), the final and the increased vulvar area, uterine index, thickness of the myometrium and endometrium, and protein expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in ZEA group were higher than those in the control group (p < .05), but lower than those in the EB group (p < .05). The serum luteinizing hormone in ZEA group was lower than that of the control group (p < .05), but higher than that in the EB group (p < .05). Higher serum follicle‐stimulating hormone and progesterone were observed in the ZEA and control groups than those in the EB group (p < .05). The serum glutathione peroxidase activity in the ZEA group was lower than that in the control and EB groups (p < .001), and the malondialdehyde in the ZEA group was higher than that in the control and EB groups (p < .001). Moreover, the relative mRNA and protein expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and relative mRNA expression of HSP70 in the ZEA and EB groups were higher than those in the control group (p < .05). In conclusion, both ZEA (1.0 mg/kg) and EB (1.5 mg at 3 days intervals by intramuscular injection) stimulated vulvar swelling and uterine hypertrophy by disordering serum hormones and up‐regulating GHR expression, and induced stress by different mechanisms in this study. Furthermore, the observed up‐regulating HSP70 expression challenged by ZEA or EB may be part of the mechanism to resist stress injury.     

烟叶中甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的消解动态

利用高效液相色谱法,对0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(俗称甲维盐)微乳剂在烟叶中的消解动态和最终残留进行检测。结果表明：甲维盐在烟叶中的消解符合化学反应一级动力学方程,方程为C=0.255 8e–0.325 3t,半衰期为2.13 d,线性相关性系数R2=0.884 3;在施药20 d后其含量平均低于0.006 mg/kg,30 d后未检出甲维盐。     

苯甲酸盐水剂防除金钟藤试验研究

在秋季,应用苯甲酸盐水剂对金钟藤进行挂瓶滴加的防除试验,结果表明:5%的苯甲酸盐水剂滴加24~36 h最经济有效,防除金钟藤效果达100%;用药量与金钟藤藤茎的直径成正比。在1~6 cm藤茎范围内,用药量在50~200 m l范围增减。     

防腐剂——对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯的合成

对羟基苯甲酸与正丁醇分别在浓硫酸、对甲苯磺酸、磷钨酸铯这三种催化剂催化下,探讨了合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的利与弊,分析了酯化反应的各种影响因素,以及这几种反应方法的优化反应条件。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对稻纵卷叶螟的室内毒力测定及田间药效

[目的]筛选防治稻纵卷叶螟的高效、安全药剂和施用方法,为水稻安全生产及科学用药提供依据.[方法]在室内测定5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂（简称甲维盐WG）和1.8％阿维菌素EC对稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫的毒力效果;田间药效试验设5％甲维盐WG 150.0、187.5、225.0 g/ha和1.8％阿维菌素EC 750.0 mL/ha处理,以空白为对照,调查各处理对稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果和保叶效果.[结果]5％甲维盐WG对稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫具有较高的毒力,其致死中浓度（LC50）为0.5013 mg/L,低于1.8％阿维菌素EC（1.6282 mg/L）.田间药效试验结果表明,5％甲维盐WG对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫具有较好的速效性和持效性,每公顷用药187.5～225.0g,药后3d的杀虫效果为77.67％～81.33％、保叶效果为60.01％64.17％;药后7d的杀虫效果为89.38％92.17％、保叶效果为82.94％～85.02％;药后14d的杀虫效果为87.16％～89.50％、保叶效果为81.29％～84.00％,且对水稻安全.[结论]5％甲维盐WG可作为稻纵卷叶螟化学防治的高效、安全药剂在水稻生产中推广应用,在稻纵卷叶螟1～2龄发生高峰期,每公顷用药187.5～225.0 g对水750 kg喷雾一次,即可达到理想的防治效果.     

Intravaginal administration of estradiol benzoate capsule for estrus synchronization in goats

Estrus synchronization requires multiple treatments of hormonal drugs, requiring considerable time and cost. The aim of the present study was to develop an estrus synchronization protocol using intravaginal administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) capsules in goats. Two types of capsules were prepared: an EB capsule that melted immediately after administration and a sustained-release (SR) EB capsule that dissolved slowly and reached a peak after 24 h. Goats with functional corpus lutea were intramuscularly treated with prostaglandin F_2α (PG). At 24 h after PG administration, goats were administered 1 mg of EB solution intramuscularly (PG + 24IM; n = 6) or 1 mg of EB capsule intravaginally (PG + 24EB; n = 6). The SR EB capsule was administered intravaginally at the time of PG administration (PG + SR; n = 6). The control group (n = 6) received only PG. All groups showed estrus within 72 h after PG administration. The onset of estrus did not differ significantly between the PG + 24IM and PG + SR groups but was earlier than in the control group. Estradiol concentration in the PG + SR group peaked at 11.5 ± 6.1 h after EB and PG administration. Peak estradiol concentrations were not significantly different between the PG + 24IM and PG + SR groups (78.0 ± 25.8 and 64.0 ± 38.1 pg/ml, respectively), and were higher than the PG + 24EB and control groups (27.3 ± 8.8 and 14.6 ± 6.1 pg/ml, respectively). These results suggest that intravaginal administration of an EB capsule with a sustained-drug release base is applicable for estrus synchronization, as an alternative to intramuscular administration.