4%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂防治甜菜夜蛾田间药效试验研究

[目的]明确4%高氯.甲维盐微乳剂对甜菜夜蛾的田间防治效果。[方法]在苞菜田中,于甜菜夜蛾发生初期,按照不同施药量兑水进行叶面喷雾,计算各处理防效。[结果]该药剂有效成分用量21~27 g/hm2,药后2 d防效为91%~99%,药后5 d防效为92%~99%,药后10天防效为92%~98%,显著优于对照药剂4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油和1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油。[结论]该药剂速效性好,持效性显著,可作为防治十字花科蔬菜甜菜夜蛾的有效药剂和替代乳油的环保剂型进行推广使用,推荐用药量为有效成分用量24~27 g/hm2。     

Photodegradation of emamectin benzoate and its influence on efficacy against the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis

Emamectin benzoate, a novel insecticide with characteristics of translaminar movement into plant leaf tissue, was derived from the avermectin family with improved thermal stability, greater water solubility and a broader spectrum of insecticidal activity than avermectin. To quantify UV photodegradation of emamectin benzoate, HPLC analysis was conducted to quantify residues of MAB1a, the major component in emamectin benzoate, after exposure to UV light for different lengths of time. Results showed both MAB1a concentration and length of UV light exposure (0-120 h) had significant impacts on photodegradation rate. The degradation rate increased as exposure duration increased, but decreased as initial MAB1a concentration increased. Four UV protectants, kojic acid, sodium ligninsulfonate, soybean lecithin and milk, were evaluated for their effect on UV degradation. Results showed that kojic acid could effectively reduce the photodegradation of MAB1a. In addition, the photodegradation of emamectin benzoate was also examined for its influence on the efficacy against the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. The results of the bioassays were consistent with those of HPLC analysis. The initial concentration of emamectin benzoate and exposure duration to UV light both had significant influences on the efficacy against C. suppressalis. As the UV exposure time increased, the efficacy of emamectin benzoate against C. suppressalis decreased. The results indicated that UV photodegradation has a significant effect on the efficacy of emamectin benzoate against C. suppressalis and the effect is concentration-dependant. In addition to understanding the critical factor of UV exposure length, this study also showed that maintaining emamectin benzoate concentration above a certain level in the formulation and the application solution, and applying UV protectants may reduce photodegradation and increase efficacy against target pests.     

粘虫抗甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐种群的交互抗性与生化抗性机制

为指导甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（下称甲维盐）在粘虫Mythimna separate Walker防治上的合理使用,测定了粘虫抗甲维盐种群对5种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性及其生化抗性机制。结果表明:粘虫抗甲维盐种群对阿维菌素（抗性倍数RR₅₀=21.80）、毒死蜱（RR₅₀=17.68）和灭多威（RR₅₀=10.85）均具有中等水平的交互抗性,与辛硫磷（RR₅₀=6.00）和氟氯氰菊酯（RR₅₀=5.65）之间交互抗性水平较低。酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、马来酸二乙酯（DEM）、三丁基三硫磷酸酯（DEF）和磷酸三苯酯（TPP）在粘虫敏感种群和抗性种群生物测定中对甲维盐毒力均有显著的增效作用。粘虫抗甲维盐种群细胞色素P450和b₅含量及O-脱甲基酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性均显著高于敏感种群,分别为敏感种群的3.23、3.65、3.63、1.64和2.66倍。研究表明,体内解毒代谢酶活性提高可能是粘虫对甲维盐产生抗性的重要原因。     

3％高效氟氯氰菊酯与甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对小菜蛾联合毒力测定

[目的]研究3％高效氟氯氰菊酯·甲维盐乳油对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）的防治效果。[方法]将3％高效氟氯氰菊酯和甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐按照不同比例混配,研究其对小菜蛾的毒力。[结果]3％高效氟氯氰菊酯·甲维盐乳油以2．0：1．0的比例混配,共毒系数分别为124．78,表现为增效,且其对小菜蛾幼虫的LC50值为17．21mg／L,对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用。[结论]2．0：1．0的3％高效氦氯氰菊酯·甲维盐乳油对小菜蛾具有较好的防治效果。     

含苯甲酸钠保鲜剂对菊鲜切花保鲜效果的影响

以市售菊鲜切花为试材,探讨含苯甲酸钠保鲜剂对其保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:含苯甲酸钠的保鲜剂能够增加切花鲜重,增大花径,提高花瓣POD活性,降低MDA含量,维持细胞膜结构的相对稳定性,提高菊鲜切花观赏价值,延缓切花衰老。     

利用同框敲除技术研究Ⅲ型聚酮合酶基因orf18的代谢产物

为了阐明Streptomyces sahachiroi ATCC 33158中Ⅲ型聚酮合酶基因orf18的功能,利用同源双交换的方法对该基因进行同框敲除,采用异位表达的方法进行了相应的回补实验。通过高效液相色谱及液相色谱-质谱联用分析发现基因orf18的敲除会明显降低发酵产物中苯甲酸盐的含量,回补该基因能够在一定程度上恢复苯甲酸盐的产量,表明orf18在原宿主中极有可能参与苯甲酸盐的生物合成。     

Impacts of parasites on marine survival of Atlantic salmon: a meta‐analysis

Parasites can, in theory, have large impacts on the survival of fish populations. One method to evaluate such impacts on anadromous species is to apply manipulative field experiments in which parallel groups of antiparasitically treated and non‐treated fish are simultaneously released and then subsequently recaptured as returning adults. A systematic review and meta‐analysis on all such Norwegian studies on Salmo salar provided a data set for the time period 1996 to 2011 on 118 release groups comprising 657 624 fish released and 3989 recaptured. The overall risk ratio (RR) was estimated to be 1.18 (95% CI: 1.07–1.30). The effect varied strongly between groups, (Higgins I² = 40.1%). Over 70% of this heterogeneity could be explained by the release location, time period and baseline survival. The most important predictor variable was baseline survival. In groups with low recapture in the control group (low baseline survival), the effect of treatment was high (RR = 1.7), while in groups with high recapture in the control group (high baseline survival), there was no effect of treatment (RR ~ 1.00). The most prevalent parasite in the region affected by the drugs administered was Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Hence, the meta‐analysis supports the hypothesis that L. salmonis contributes to the mortality of S. salar during outward migration. However, the effect of treatment was not consistent, but was evidently strongly modulated by other risk factors. The results suggest that the population‐level effects of parasites cannot be estimated independently of other factors affecting the marine survival of S. salar.     

阿维菌素及甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的三氟乙酰胺衍生化产物稳定性研究

采用衍生化液相色谱-荧光检测法,研究了阿维菌素及甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（甲维盐）在甲基咪唑存在下与三氟乙酸酐衍生化反应后样品溶液放置时间及保存温度对检测结果的影响。研究表明:在常温下,阿维菌素衍生化反应溶液放置180 min后、甲维盐衍生化反应溶液放置360 min后,两者衍生化产物的峰面积即急剧下降;衍生化反应20 min后,样品于4 ℃下保存（冷藏）,阿维菌素在 2 d内、甲维盐在3 d内,两者衍生化产物的检测结果保持稳定;而在-20 ℃下保存（冷冻）,5 d内可保证阿维菌素和甲维盐衍生化后检测结果的准确性。因此在运用衍生化液相色谱荧光检测法时,应严格控制好衍生化反应后样品溶液的放置时间及保存温度,以保证检测结果的准确性。     

苯甲酸钠对土壤亚硝酸还原酶动力学参数的影响

采用改进的α-荼胺-对氨基苯磺酸比色法研究了苯甲酸钠对紫色土亚硝酸还原酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,苯甲酸钠对灰棕紫泥土亚硝酸还原酶酶促反应的抑制能力随苯甲酸钠浓度的增大而增强,苯甲酸钠的加入,降低了V0、Km和Vmax值,表明苯甲酸钠对土壤亚硝酸还原酶的作用类型表现为反竞争性抑制作用;苯甲酸钠是一种优良的反硝化抑制剂,有良好的应用前景。