Predicting weed emergence in maize crops under two contrasting climatic conditions

Predictive empirical models of the timing of emergence were developed for ten major weed species in maize crops. Monitoring of seedling emergence was performed over two years in two maize fields located in Central Spain and Tagus Valley in Portugal. Thermal time was used as the independent variable for predicting cumulative emergence. Different non-linear growth curves were fitted to the data sets of cumulative percent emergence for the different species, sites and years using genetic algorithms. Based on their emergence patterns, weed species were arranged into three groups. Species with early-season emergence ( Abutilon theophrasti , Xanthium strumarium , Datura stramonium , Datura ferox , Sorghum halepense , Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crus-galli ) reached 70% emergence with less than 700 growing day degrees (GDD). Species with whole-season emergence ( Cyperus rotundus and Solanum nigrum ) started early their emergence processes but the emergence continued throughout the maize life-cycle; they required up to 1300 GDD to reach 70% emergence. The only species with late-season emergence was Sonchus oleraceus ; it required more than 1300 GDD to reach 70% emergence. The results obtained in our experiments have shown a good synchrony between the predictions obtained in different years in the same site. However, no single model was able to predict the timing of emergence in two sites with different environmental conditions, challenging the hypothesis that a single general model, based on temperature only, can be used to predict weed emergence in different geographical locations.     

Isolation and Identification of Potent Allelopathic Substances in a Traditional Bangladeshi Rice Cultivar Kartikshail

Abstract

Aqueous methanol extracts of a traditional Bangladeshi rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kartikshail) inhibited root and shoot growth of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum). The inhibition was increased with increasing the extract concentration, which suggests that cv. Kartikshail may have growth inhibitory substances and allelopathic potential. The aqueous methanol extract of cv. Kartikshail was purified and two main inhibitory substances were isolated and identified by spectral data as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone and 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on cress roots and shoots, respectively, were 4.9 and 9.5 μM for 3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 0.54 and 0.72 μM for 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on barnyardgrass roots and shoots, respectively, were 160 and 310 μM for 3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 53 and 140 μM for 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The inhibitory activity of a mixture of the two compounds was much higher than that of the sum of the two compounds, suggesting that the two compounds may act synergistically to inhibit the growth of cress and barnyardgrass. The present research suggests that 3-hydroxy- β-ionone and 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one may be responsible for the growth inhibitory effect of cv. Kartikshail and may play important roles in the allelopathy of cv. Kartikshail. The traditional Bangladeshi rice cultivar Kartikshail may be potentially useful for weed management as a weed suppressing agent when this rice cultivar is incorporated into the soil or included in rice-based cropping systems.     

Modelling the emergence pattern of six summer annual weed grasses under no tillage systems in Argentina

Field trials were established in various growing seasons in four experimental sites with soyabeans or maize grown under no tillage systems. Seeds of Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Sorghum halepense, Setaria geniculata, Echinochloa colonum and Urochloa platyphylla were incorporated in surface soil, under the crop residues of the previous season, each autumn. Regular records of seedling emergence during the following spring and summer were used to model the pattern of each species as a function of the thermal time in the 2 cm upper layer of the soil profile. A Weibull function closely described ( r ² = 0.73–0.93) the relationship between thermal time and seedling emergence for all species in each site and year. The coefficient of determination for the model verification ranged from 0.71 to 0.98. Species may be grouped into three emergence time-span groups. Eleusine indica, U. platyphylla and E. colonum had a long-lasting emergence, requiring 940–1660 d°C (growing day degrees) to complete this process. Digitaria sanguinalis and S. halepense had an intermediate emergence time-span, completing this process in 540–1090 d°C. Setaria geniculata exhibited the shortest emergence time-span (290–660 d°C required for full emergence). Different hypotheses were tested in order to explain species model parameter differences in different sites and to establish the basis for more refined models with improved prediction capabilities.     

松嫩平原4种植物光合作用光响应特性的研究

在适宜的外界环境条件下设置11个光照梯度,对松嫩平原西部碱地上的芦苇、马莲、虎尾草和稗草植株叶片进行了光模拟试验。结果表明:改变光照强度对这4种植物叶片的光合作用、叶温、气孔导度、水分利用效率、蒸腾作用及胞间CO2浓度等生理指标有不同的影响。芦苇和马莲的光合速率与光合有效辐射强度呈明显的正相关关系,虎尾草和稗草的光合速率随光合有效辐射强度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势;4种植物的叶温和蒸腾速率都随着光强的增加而升高,并且虎尾草和稗草的叶温始终高于芦苇和马莲;4种植物的胞间CO2浓度均随光强增加而下降;气孔导度与水分利用效率变化无规律性。     

稗草对7种除草剂的敏感性及其生物测定方法的研究

应用滤纸法研究不同处理时间稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)对7种除草剂的敏感性,并比较了稗草在滤纸法、琼脂法和盆栽喷雾法中对二氯喹啉酸的灵敏度,并应用琼脂法测定了7种除草剂的敏感性。结果表明:吡嘧磺隆(pyrazosulfuron-ethyl)以2 d的EC50值最低;五氟磺草胺(penoxsulam)、丙炔草酮(oxadiargyl)、二氯喹啉酸(quinclorac)和扑草净(prometryn)则以3 d的结果为最好;四唑酰草胺(fentrazamide)和嗪草酮(oxaziclomefone)以4 d的结果为最敏感。3种生物测定方法中稗草对二氯喹啉酸的敏感性以琼脂法为好,能达到快速、灵敏的目的。7种除草剂的敏感性大小(根据EC50值)顺序为:嗪草酮>四唑酰草胺>丙炔草酮>二氯喹啉酸>五氟磺草胺>吡嘧磺隆>扑草净。     

狭卵链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸诱导稗草叶片氧化胁迫和抗氧化酶变化的研究

[目的]确定细交链孢菌酮酸（tenuazonic acid,TeA）对稗草的毒害作用是否与其诱导氧化胁迫及抗氧化酶活性变化有关。[方法]通过离体试验研究了TeA处理稗草叶片丙二醛和过氧化氢含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化。[结果]稗草叶片经500μmol/LTeA处理后,叶片中丙二醛和过氧化氢含量分别较对照增加了247.86%和67.00%,表明TeA处理诱导了稗草叶片中活性氧暴发,并导致丙二醛和过氧化氢的大量积累。TeA引起超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高,其中在500μmol/LTeA处理下,稗草叶片SOD、GR和CAT活性均较对照增加1倍以上。[结论]TeA诱导活性氧的产生引起稗草叶片氧化胁迫,同时诱导叶片抗氧化酶活性升高。     

在蒙导条件下转bar基因水稻与无芒稗间的基因漂移

以转基因水稻Y0003和99-t为父本,无芒稗为母本,在蒙导条件下研究转基因水稻与无芒稗间潜在的基因漂移可能性。用光学显微镜观察了用不同方法（紫外灯照射,反复冻融,黑暗放置）制备的蒙导花粉蒙导条件下转基因水稻花粉在无芒稗柱头上的萌发生长情况,并与无芒稗自花授粉的情况相比较。结果表明,在供试的所有蒙导花粉蒙导条件下,两种转基因水稻的花粉在无芒稗柱头上虽能萌发,但花粉管扭曲成各种形状而不能进入无芒稗柱头。与无芒稗自花授粉的花粉萌发生长有极明显的差异。杂交也不结实。说明蒙导花粉不能克服转基因水稻和无芒稗的不亲和性,转基因水稻与无芒稗间基因漂移的可能性极小。     

稗草磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)基因的克隆与分析

为揭示C₄野生植物稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）PEPCase的结构和功能特点,探索改善作物高光效新途径,本研究首次克隆了稗草（E. crusgalli）磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因(ppc)的cDNA全长,测序及同源性比较分析结果证实,稗草ppc的cDNA全长为2 886 bp,编码961个氨基酸（GenBank登录号：AY251482）;核苷酸序列与谷子(Setaria italica)C₃型、高粱(Sorghum bicolor) C_3-2型、玉米(Zea mays) C_3-2型、水稻(Oryza sativa)C₃型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因的同源率分别达94.8%、93.2%、93.0%和89.7%。推导的氨基酸序列中C末端第771位氨基酸是丙氨酸（A）,表明是一个C₃型基因。与其他植物几种不同形式PEPCase进行的多重序列比对与系统进化分析结果也证实,此基因的核苷酸序列及其编码的氨基酸序列与所有参与对比的C₃型序列的同源性均远远高于与C₄型的同源性。与玉米、高粱C_3-2型PEPCase的同源性分别高达到96.5%、96.4%,与高粱、玉米的C_3-1型PEPCase的同源性分别为84.3%、83.8%,而与谷子、玉米、甘蔗和高粱的C₄型PEPCase的一致性相对较低,分别为82.2%、79.1%、77.1%、76.6%。因此进一步推论新克隆的稗草ppc基因属于C_3-2型。对其编码的蛋白序列进行了结构域、活性位点和功能位点预测。     

稗草休眠特性及其解除

研究了稗草在不同环境条件下的休眠特性及其解除方法。结果表明,稗草种子在成熟后都将进入休眠,不同环境条件下其休眠期不一样。2004年7月采集的稗草种子在地下贮存条件下5个月就能打破休眠,且持续6个月一直处于休眠解除状态。室内常温条件下需12个月才能打破休眠,而冰箱中贮存12个月不能解除稗草种子的休眠。1 000.0 mg/L赤霉酸浸泡240 h和硫酸浸泡10-20 min均能解除稗草种子的休眠,但其他处理不能有效解除稗草种子的休眠。     

Q刈割对稗草生物量生殖分配及生长特性的影响

为了解稗草(Echinochloa crusglli(L)Beauv.)在不同刈割强度下资源分配特点,对其进行了3种刈割强度处理,分别测定了不同刈割强度条件下稗草的根、茎、叶、花(果)器官的生物量、株高、分蘖数,并对生物量和各器官生物量分配比例进行了对比分析.结果表明:从盛花期到结实期,在各处理条件下,根、茎器官生物量和分配比例下降,生殖器官生物量和分配比例上升,叶器官无明显变化规律;盛花期生殖分配比例为:轻度刈割(Y1)＞对照≈重度刈割(Y3)＞中度刈割(Y2),结实期生殖分配比例为:对照～轻度刈割(Y1)≈重度刈割(Y3)＞中度刈割(Y2);株高表现为轻度刈割促进其绝对高度的增加,而在中度及重度刈割条件下,表现为抑制作用;在重度刈割条件下,单株分蘖数与刈割强度呈正相关.