Effect of Toxins Isolated from Exserohilum monoceras (Drechsler) Leonard and Suggs on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

Exserohilum monoceras (Drechsler) Leonard and Suggs is a potential biocontrol agent for the control of Echinochloa species. This fungus causes leaf blight in Echinochloa species, but does not damage rice. Phytotoxicity of the fungal fermented broth was evaluated through the bioassay and the active ingredients were preliminarily isolated by using silica gel column chromatography (CC) in this study. The most active fraction 5-Ⅲ was obtained and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that 5-Ⅲ consisted of many compounds, in which 36 compounds accounted for 94.24% of total peak area. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) displayed the highest activity accounted for 9.24% of the total peak area, suggesting that DBP may be one of the main active compounds produced by E. monoceras.     

稻田稗属杂草对芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂的差异敏感性及其机理

采用整株生物测定法研究了8个稗草种对芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂噁唑酰草胺和氰氟草酯的敏感性,并分析了其生理基础。基于药后25 d干质量GR50(抑制杂草干质量50%所需药剂剂量)的聚类结果显示:对噁唑酰草胺来说,稗草为敏感种群,无芒稗为不敏感种群;对氰氟草酯来说,西来稗为敏感种群,而无芒稗为不敏感种群。稗属不同种群间对2种芳氧苯氧甲酸类除草剂存在明显的差异敏感性。从保护酶活性分析,随着噁唑酰草胺或氰氟草酯处理剂量的增加和时间的延长,无芒稗、西来稗和稗茎叶中的丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,相同剂量下敏感种群的丙二醛含量高于不敏感种群。2种除草剂处理后,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随剂量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,不敏感种群上升或下降幅度均低于敏感种群,至处理结束时,不敏感种群的酶活总体高于敏感种群。2种除草剂处理后不敏感稗草种群膜脂过氧化酶活性变化幅度小、活性高,丙二醛含量低,可能是其对芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂耐药的原因。     

中国部分稻种资源的化感控制杂草潜力评价

采用人工气候箱结合田间小区试验,从我国部分水稻种质资源中筛选获得了2份具有化感潜力的水稻品种（系）,其中我国台湾品种蚁公包幼苗对无芒稗根长影响因子RRL为0.43,其叶片水浸提液对无芒稗和莴苣根长抑制率分别达到45%和85%,在田间对无芒稗茎数和植株鲜质量的控制效果分别为22.0%和26.1%。云南品种地谷幼苗对无芒稗的植株高度影响因子RSH和植株干质量影响因子RPDW分别为0.62和0.58, 叶片水浸提液对无芒稗和莴苣根长抑制率分别达到53%和65%,在田间对无芒稗茎数和植株鲜质量的控制效果分别达到51.5%和46.1%。 蚁公包对莴苣的控制效果和地谷对无芒稗的控制效果均显著高于美国化感潜力品种PI312777。蚁公包和地谷是我国宝贵的化感潜力品种资源。     

60Co-γ辐射对谷稗幼苗生长和微量元素吸收的影响

用不同剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射对‘朝牧1号’谷稗（Echinochloa crusgalli）种子进行处理,研究⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对谷稗幼苗生长和微量元素含量的影响。结果表明：50~200 Gy辐射组促进了最长根的生长,但抑制了幼苗株高和总长度;随着辐射剂量的增加,茎叶Fe、Mn、Zn、B、Ni元素含量和根部B元素含量呈先增后减趋势,根Fe、Mn、Ni元素含量随辐射剂量增加而呈增加趋势,Zn元素含量呈降低趋势。     

麦根腐平脐蠕孢和薏苡平脐蠕孢防治稻田稗草的生物活性和安全性

对分离自云南昆明感病稗草\[Echinochloa crus galli (L.) Beauv.\]上的病原真菌麦根腐平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris sorokiniana）和薏苡平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris coicis）开展了防治稗草潜力的评价。结果显示,B.sorokiniana和B.coicis两菌株培养5 d的发酵原液对稗草根长和芽长均有很高的抑制作用,根长最高抑制率分别为99.59%和95.78%, 芽长最高抑制率分别为91.14%和82.13%。两菌株对稗草离体叶片致病性的室内试验表明,菌丝体悬浮液处理5 d后稗草叶片病情指数最高可达100%。两菌株对稗草植株防效的温室试验表明, 菌丝体悬浮液处理稗草7 d后植株下部叶片出现萎蔫症状、脱落及死亡,处理21 d后稗草最高死亡率达到82.67%和80.00%。菌株对作物的安全性试验表明,麦根腐平脐蠕孢对作物的安全性显著高于薏苡平脐蠕孢。作为生防潜力菌株,麦根腐平脐蠕孢具有更大的应用潜力。     

Competition of Barnyardgrass with Rice Varieties

A field study was conducted to examine the competition of barnyardgrass with various rice varieties and its effect on propanil effectiveness. Six rice varieties, Ispaniki A', Strymonas and Roxani (Japonica type) and Rea, Skybonnet and Blue belle (Indica type), were grown in a silty loam soil, in 1994 and 1995. The varieties had different 1000 seed weights, which varied from 24 to 40 g. The herbicide propanil was applied at the four-leaf stage of barnyardgrass on half the plot area. Japonica type varieties emerged earlier and had lower numbers of barnyardgrass plants compared to Indica varieties. The time of seedling emergence was significantly and negatively correlated with the seed weight and positively with the number of barnyardgrass plants. The delayed establishment of Indica type varieties favoured rapid barnyardgrass growth at the early stages and resulted in lower effectiveness of propanil, compared to Japonica type varieties. Thus, in controlling barnyardgrass in rice fields it is necessary to take into account the variety grown in order to reduce production costs and the pollution risk to the environment.     

Multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua as natural‐product‐based herbicide leads

BACKGROUND: Fifteen novel derivatives of D‐DIBOA, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions C‐2 and N‐4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS) evaluated. This strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. An evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua is reported here. RESULTS: All compounds showed inhibition profiles on the two species Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and Avena fatua L. The most marked effects were caused by 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, 6F‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA, 6Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA and 6Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA. The IC₅₀ values for the systems Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa and Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum for all compounds were compared. The compound that showed the greatest selectivity for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa was 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, which was 15 times more selective than the commercial herbicide propanil (Cotanil‐35). With regard to the system Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum, the compounds that showed the highest selectivities were 8Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA. The results obtained for 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA are of great interest because of the high phytotoxicity to Avena fatua (IC₅₀ = 6 µM , r² = 0.9616). CONCLUSION: The in vitro phytotoxicity profiles and selectivities shown by the compounds described here make them candidates for higher‐level studies. 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli‐Oryza sativa and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for Avena fatua‐Triticum aestivum were the most interesting compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

A novel screening method for rice allelopathic potential: the inhibitory‐circle method

Screening crop accessions for allelopathic activity is of paramount importance for crop allelopathy research. Previous bioassays often did not use a mixed culture of donor and target plants, did not use soil and were not conducted under natural conditions. In this study, we designed an inhibitory‐circle method in which a rice accession (donor plant) and Echinochloa crus‐galli (target plant) were cultured together in paddy soil under natural conditions. First, we determined that the highest allelopathic activity of allelopathic rice accession PI312777 was at the 5‐leaf stage, and the suitable distance of rice seedlings and E. crus‐galli was 12 cm apart. This method was then validated by a field test. A further 40 rice accessions were evaluated for allelopathic activity to E. crus‐galli using this method. Two rice accessions, PI312777 and Taichung Native 1, had highly allelopathic activity to E. crus‐galli (inhibitory rate > 50%), while another accession, Lemont, had non‐allelopathic activity. These experimental results were in accordance with previous studies using direct field experiments. The inhibitory‐circle method integrated three necessary conditions, that is donor and target plants grown together, with soil as the medium and under natural conditions for reliable results. The ‘inhibitory‐circle method’, which combined donor and target plants, soil medium and field conditions, can give reliable results in one step, compared with laboratory screening methods. Also, the ‘inhibitory‐circle method’ gave results in 30‐35 days, thereby substantially reducing the requirements for time, labour and cost.     

Survey and examination of the potential alternative hosts of Villosiclava virens,the pathogen of rice false smut,in China

Rice false smut is caused by ascomycete Villosiclava virens, whose potential alternative hosts have been assumed previously. Here its potential alternative hosts were surveyed and identified from 2008 to 2013 in the main rice-growing regions in China. Two common weeds in paddy fields, Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. and Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv., were found to present the similar symptoms to smut diseases in a few individuals in 2012 and 2013 in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces of China, respectively. After the examinations of the spore morphology, their infection and extension mode in hosts, pathogen cell wall components, and molecular identification, the two pathogens were identified to be the Basidiomycetes, Ustilago syntherismae and Ustilago trichophora, respectively. So far there has been no alternative host of V. virens to be identified in China. These suggest that the alternative hosts of V. virens, if they do exist, are not possible to play an important role in the pathogen life cycle and the disease epidemics.