头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻干物质积累、产量及氮素利用率的影响

为探讨头季稻不同肥料运筹方式对再生稻产量和氮素利用率的影响,以杂交稻组合"Ⅱ优航2号"为材料,在头季施氮量225.00kg·hm-2的基础上,研究了不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比[3种基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为8:2(N1)、7:3(N2)、6:4(N3)]头季稻-再生季稻氮素累积量、干物质生产、产量及氮素利用率的特性。结果表明:与N1、N2相比,头季成熟期N3处理氮素累积量分别增加9.26%、3.54%,头季齐穗期～头季成熟期N3处理氮素转移量分别增加21.47%、6.76%,整个生育期N3处理干物质净积累总量分别增加5.10%、4.78%。N3处理头季产量最高,达12431kg·hm-2,极显著高于N1、N2处理;氮肥利用率达46.44%,比N1、N2处理提高14.81%、5.43%;氮肥农学利用率达20.66kg·kg-1,比N1、N2处理提高14.97%、12.34%。研究结果还表明,头季不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比对再生稻再生季的影响不显著。     

不同施肥条件下夏玉米的干物质积累、产量及氮肥利用效率

针对我国华北地区夏玉米生产中所面临的氮素污染和秸秆资源严重浪费等问题，中国农业大学和德国霍恩海姆大学(Hohenheim University of Germany)自1999以来开展了中德国际合作项目“华北平原作物高产高生产力条件下环境可承受的持续农业研究”。研究表明：在同一时期，优化施肥、秸秆还田优化施肥与传统施肥夏玉米干物质积累量无显著性差异。拔节到吐丝，优化施肥的干物质日增长量和干物质积累量并不低于传统施肥，吐丝到灌浆，略低于传统施肥；秸秆还田优化施肥两阶段的干物质日增长量和干物质积累量最高。3处理间夏玉米产量无显著性差异。优化施肥和秸秆还田优化施肥条件下，氮肥当季利用率显著高于传统施肥。     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对夏玉米光合产物生产与分配的影响

通过大田试验,对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖2种条件下,免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米光合产物的生产、积累和分配特性进行了研究,结果表明：残茬覆盖比不覆盖全生育期平均叶面积系数增加7．02％,总光合势增加7．07％,全生育期平均净同化率增加2．97％,单株干物质积累量增加9．36％,经济系数增加1．57％,最终单位面积子粒产量增加10．4％,达极显著水平。深松分别比翻耕和免耕全生育期平均面积系数高3．43％和5．70％,总光合势高2．73％和5．66％,单株干物质积累量高2．94％和6．74％,经济系数高0．90％和1．53％,最终子粒产量增加3．92％和5．95％,差异极显著。覆盖加深松产量比不覆盖免耕高15．9％。     

Modelling of the effect of dry periods on yielding of spring barley

The paper presents a weather-yield model developed for the purpose of estimating spring barley yield on the basis of dry spells occurring in individual periods between the phenological phases of that plant. For that purpose research material on spring barley, originating from the years 1976-1997, was used as well as diurnal sums of precipitation. Five periods were considered in the analysis: sowing-emergence, emergence-tillering, tillering-heading, heading-milk ripeness and milk ripeness-full ripeness. In the study a model of changes in the amount of water available for plant during rainless periods was used. Five measures were adopted for characterisation of the approximation error: correlation coefficient, mean relative error, relative root mean square error, model efficiency and coefficient of residual mass. The analyses performed demonstrated that yield reduction is significantly influenced by rainless periods that occur in the sowing-emergence and tillering-heading inter-phase periods. The adopted criteria for yield reduction estimation show considerable similarity for the emergence-tillering and heading-milk ripeness inter-phase periods. At the same time, their influence on yield reduction is three-fold lower than during the sowing-emergence and tillering-heading inter-phase periods. Analyses performed with the use of the developed model indicate that yield size is affected by rainless periods of duration longer than 30% of the inter-phase period.     

氮肥运筹对高产夏玉米干物质积累、叶面积指数及产量的影响

探讨了高产条件下氮肥运筹对夏玉米干物质积累特性、叶面积指数动态变化和产量形成的影响,为进一步突破夏玉米单产提供理论依据和技术支撑。在多年高产试验基础上,选用天泰33和郑单958为试验材料,在施氮总量360kg/hm2的条件下,采用4个施氮时期(播种期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、花粒期)的不同施氮比例的7种氮肥运筹方式试验。结果表明:高产条件下适量增施花粒肥,注重拔节肥、穗肥兼顾粒肥,有利于玉米构建较为合理的叶面积指数,延缓叶片衰老,干物质生产积累的多,花后干物质贡献率大,而且分配经济合理,可显著改善群体质量,提高籽粒产量。结论:在施氮总量360 kg/hm2的条件下,以基施氮量∶拔节期施氮量∶大喇叭口期施氮量∶开花后7 d施氮量的1∶2∶5∶2和0∶3∶5∶2为较优的氮肥运筹方式。     

灌水模式对不同品种冬小麦群体生长特性和产量及蛋白质含量的影响

为筛选推荐节水高产品种提供依据,研究了不同灌水模式对冬小麦群体动态和产量及蛋白质含量的影响.以泰山23、泰山223、山农6号和石家庄8号为试验材料,设置3种灌水方式,印W1底墒水(生育期不浇水)、W2底墒水+春1水(拔节水-孕穗期)和W3底墒水+拔节水+开花水.主要研究了不同灌水方式下4个品种的产量构成因素、叶面积指数、干物质积累及籽粒蛋白质含量性状.结果表明,W1和W2、W3之间产量差异显著,W2和W3之间产量差异不显著,品种之间产量差异显著.叶面积和干物质积累量随着灌水次数的增加而增加,但不同品种之间表现不同,泰山23较其它3个品种变化较小.不同灌溉模式对试验品种均表现为随着灌水次数的增加蛋白质含量减少,W1显著高于W2和W3.根据本研究结果可知,说明泰山23具有较好产量潜力和品种适应性.     

干露胁迫对鼠尾藻生理生化影响的研究

鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)集生于中潮带和低潮带岩石上,在高、中潮带的水陆或石沼中,有的甚至在低潮时较长时间暴露于日光下。低潮露空下的干露胁迫是影响鼠尾藻生存的关键因子。本研究采集野生鼠尾藻为实验材料,在培养箱中分别失水干露0、1、3、6 h,并在海水中恢复培养,测定不同胁迫时间下藻体的失水率、叶绿素荧光参数和生化参数。结果显示,不同大小的鼠尾藻干露胁迫不同时间后的失水率显著不同,胁迫时间越短,藻体越大,失水率越低,大藻体鼠尾藻的保水能力高于小藻体;干露胁迫使鼠尾藻的叶绿素荧光值显著降低,同株鼠尾藻不同部位对干露胁迫的耐受程度显著不同,梢部耐受能力较差,基部耐受能力较强,小藻体和大藻体的梢部伤害较大,不能恢复,鼠尾藻基部可恢复正常生理状态,干露胁迫时,鼠尾藻以非调节性能量耗散机制为主;干露胁迫时,藻体梢部通过抗氧化酶类[(抗超氧阴离子自由基(ASAFR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD))和非抗氧化物质(可溶性糖、脯氨酸)共同作用来应对胁迫,藻体基部主要是通过上调蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸等含量抵抗胁迫。高中潮带的鼠尾藻较易处于高温、强光和干露失水叠加的胁迫状态,同时,又因外部形态和生活环境的不同,藻体各部分的生理生化特性也有一定的差异。本研究探讨了鼠尾藻干露胁迫下的生理生化状态,对研究鼠尾藻抵抗环境胁迫的生态适应性具有重要的指导意义。     

渭北旱地冬小麦不同覆盖模式增温效应研究

对不同覆盖模式旱地冬小麦土壤温度的分析表明,覆盖栽培对提高土壤温度具有明显的作用,平覆地膜穴播栽培和垄沟栽培能够有效地提高旱地冬小麦全生育期积温和越冬期前的土壤温度,表层土壤增温幅度最大,随着土壤深度增加增温幅度逐渐减少,中午(14:00时)增温幅度大于早(8:00时)、晚(18:00时),从而有利于形成壮苗和冬前有效分蘖。秸秆覆盖栽培在苗期和分蘖期虽有一定的增温效果,但越冬期后土壤温度明显降低,抑制了春季有效分蘖的形成和拔节孕穗期的生长发育。     

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species,Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures thanA. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown.Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. InA. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due toV. fungicola var.aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots ina. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 ofA. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble. Verticillium psalliotae, isolated fromA. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots inA. bitorquis. In the netherlands, where moreA. bitorquis is grown than in other countries,V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops ofA. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, likeV. fungicola var.aleophilum andA. bitorquis, did not infectA. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection ofA. bisporus orA. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi:Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum andAphanocladium album.Samenvatting Vooral in Nederland wordt sinds een aantal jaren naastAgaricus bisporus ook de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis geteeld, die minder vatbaar is voor bepaalde ziekten. TerwijlVerticillium fungicola varfungicola in de teelt vanA. bisporus droge mollen en daardoor veel schade veroorzaakt, komen in de teelt vanA. bitorquis geen droge mollen voor maar wel bruine vlekken, die tot kwaliteitsverlies en dus schade leiden. De vlekken bleken veroorzaakt te worden doorV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Deze schimmel veroorzaakte ook inA. bisporus bruine vlekken, hoewel in minder ernstige mate, maar in het ras Les Miz 60 vanA. bisporus bovendien misvormde champignons, die wel op droge mollen leken, maar daaraan niet gelijk waren.OokV. psalliotae, in Engeland geïsoleerd vanA. bitorquis met vlekken, veroorzaakte wat meer samenvloeiende, bruine vlekken inA. bitorquis. In Nederland, waar meerA. bitorquis geteeld wordt dan in andere landen, isV. psalliotae nog niet aangetroffen in teelten vanA. bitorquis. InA. bisporus kon geen kunstmatige infectie worden verkregen metV. psalliotae, die net alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum enA. bitorquis warmteminnend genoemd zou kunnen worden.Met de volgendeVerticillium-achtige of van paddestoelen geïsoleerde schimmels kon evenmin op kunstmatige wijze een infectie worden opgeroepen inA. bisporus ofA. bitorquis: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum enAphanocladium album.     

四川盆地单产9000 kg hm~(-2)以上超高产小麦品种产量结构与干物质积累特点

选择3个典型超高产品种和7个一般高产品种(对照)在4个环境(年份×地点)下考察其产量、产量构成因素和干物质积累、转运特点,以揭示四川盆地高温、高湿、弱光照生态条件下超高产小麦品种的产量形成特性,为超高产育种和生产提供依据。超高产品种在4个环境下的平均产量达9338 kg hm 2,比对照品种高24.2%;其穗数(449×104hm–2)、穗粒数(42.3)、粒数(18 825 m–2)、千粒重(47.8 g)分别比对照高8.2%、10.7%、18.3%和0.6%。超高产品种在各个生育阶段的干物质积累速率、干物质积累量都高于对照品种,尤其是生育前期,如在分蘖盛期和拔节期干物质积累量分别高11.1%和18.2%;同时,其干物质转运量、转运效率和对籽粒的贡献率也高于对照品种,成熟时非籽粒器官干物质所占比重较对照品种低1.2~3.5个百分点。小麦籽粒产量与各个生育阶段的群体干重和分蘖、拔节期的个体干重呈极显著正相关,超高产品种具有分蘖力强,前期生长旺盛、干物质积累多,后期分配到籽粒的干物质比例较高等特点,这是高产的生理基础。