裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其寄主范围和侵染条件

近年来,在甘肃省武威地区裸仁美洲南瓜发生了一种叶枯病,采用常规组织分离法对罹病组织进行了病原菌分离培养,以及病原菌的形态、分离培养性状观察和致病性测定.结果表明,引起裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病的致病菌为瓜链格孢Alternaria cucumerina(E11.et Ev.)E11iott.寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌可侵染所有供试葫芦科植物,其中南瓜、西葫芦和甜瓜发病最严重;丝瓜和苦瓜发病较轻;该病原菌还可引起白菜和菜豆发病.温度和保湿时间对病原菌的侵染影响较大,25～30℃温度范围内最易侵染,病害潜育期仅为2～3天;当保湿时间60h时,病叶率达到88%,而保湿时间为6h时,病叶率仅为8%.南瓜不同品种对叶枯病的抗性差异较大,其中二星、天然、光板1号、无壳(李建民)和金无壳为高抗品种;四星、粒赛金、金大地、郑峰光板、日本南瓜为高感品种.     

10个西葫芦自交品系品质评价试验

对10个西葫芦自交系展开了营养品质评价试验,结果表明,西葫芦的总糖、粗蛋白和水分含量差异较小,且平均值分别为2.73%、0.93%和96.27%;VC和Ca含量相对较高且不同品种间含量相差较大,平均值分别为142.13 mg/kg和299 mg/kg。通过这些指标可以较好地评价西葫芦的营养价值,且10个品系中,3号自交系的果实营养价值最高。     

Planting density for grafted melon as an alternative to methyl bromide use in Mexico

One of the major challenges of melon (Cucumis melo L.) yield is the decrease of fruit yield and quality caused by soil diseases. Soil disinfection with methyl bromide (MB) has been used to prevent soil-borne diseases damage; however, use of MB is being restricted because this substance damages the ozone layer. Searching for new MB alternatives, field experiments were carried out in open fields in soils infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Olpidium bornovanus, and Melon Necrotic Spot Virus (MNSV) in Colima, Mexico, where melons had only been grown previously using soil fumigation with MB. Yield and quality of melon cultivar Cruiser F1 (Harris Moran seed company) grafted on two rootstocks of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (“RS841”; Séminis seed company and “Shintosa Camelforce”; Nunhens seed company) were evaluated during two consecutive years. Each experiment had five treatments, two of which with non-grafted plants at a density of 18,519 plants/ha, with and without MB fumigation. The other three treatments consisted of grafted plants in non-fumigated soil with plant densities of 14,815, 11,111, and 9260 plants/ha. The use of melon grafted on “RS841” and “Shintosa Camelforce” rootstocks significantly increased the average fruit weight and the total yield of melons in soil without the need for MB. Grafting may be considered an alternative to MB fumigation. With the use of grafted melon plants, planting density may be reduced by 60%, obtaining higher yields than those obtained from non-grafted plants grown on fumigated land. Fruits harvested from grafted plants had equal firmness than those harvested from non-grafted plants, without affecting the content of soluble solids.     

南瓜果皮颜色性状遗传与调控机制研究进展

南瓜果皮颜色不仅是衡量果实发育和成熟状态的重要标志,也是外观品质的重要性状之一。对中国南瓜、印度南瓜、美洲南瓜果皮颜色性状的遗传规律,基因定位和色素代谢调控机制等研究进展进行综述,为南瓜外观品质的改良提供参考。     

嫩食中国南瓜新品种‘中瑞2号’

‘中瑞2号’是以无蔓型自交系‘13-295’为母本,奶油型自交系‘13-280’为父本杂交育成的中国南瓜新品种,植株无蔓,高产,早熟。单瓜质量0.8 ~ 1.0 kg,瓜扁球形。嫩瓜（商品瓜）浅绿色有白色条纹,口感较脆,微甜,营养丰富。适宜北京地区早春露地种植。     

外源一氧化氮(NO)对低温胁迫下南瓜幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

探讨外源 NO 供体硝普钠(SNP)对冷害胁迫下南瓜生长和氧化损伤的内在机制。以南瓜银辉2号和青栗为材料,通过室内人工模拟低温逆境的方法,研究 SNP(100 μmol/L)对冷害胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、有机渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,冷害导致南瓜幼苗活性氧积累增加,膜质过氧化加剧,光合色素含量下降,渗透调节能力降低,从而显著抑制南瓜幼苗的生长;正常生长条件下, SNP显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,显著增加幼苗地上和地下部干重及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、类胡萝卜素和氨基酸总量;8 ℃/5 ℃(昼/夜)的低温胁迫下,叶面喷施外源100 μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP),促进了植株生长和干物质积累,显著提高了叶片SOD、POD、APX 和GR的活性以及Pro和可溶性糖含量,减少了H₂O₂和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累;外源NO明显提高了南瓜叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、抗坏血酸(ASA)、GSH和可溶性蛋白及氨基酸总量。低温胁迫下,外源NO通过促进抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂及有机渗透调节物质含量的提高,降低H₂O₂和MDA的积累,保护了细胞膜结构的稳定性,维持了冷害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜的抗冷性。试验条件下,NO对银辉2号的促进作用大于青栗。     

Iron and zinc absorption characteristics and copper inhibitions in cucurbitaceae

Iron and Zn absorption, interactions, and Cu inhibitions were characterized in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) by kinetic parameters V_max and K_m. Influx and V_max values for Fe and Zn absorption decreased in each species as plant age increased. For the Michaelis constant, K_m, Fe values in cucumber and watermelon and Zn values in watermelon and pumpkin were relatively unchanged with increased plant age. K_m values for Zn absorption in cucumber and Fe absorption in pumpkin decreased as plant age increased. Among species, watermelon appeared to have a particularly effective uptake mechanism for Zn at low solution concentrations. Non‐competitive inhibition of Zn absorption by Fe (20, 50 uM) was indicated in each species. Iron uptake in pumpkin was inhibited non‐competitively by Zn (5, 10 uM), however no significant effects of Zn on Fe absorption were evident in either watermelon or cucumber. Copper (0.5, 1, 5 uM) inhibited uptake of Fe non‐competitively and Zn competitively in each species.     

Effect of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch cv. Shintosa)

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Siinduced alleviation of Mn toxicity in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch cv. Shintosa) which has been used as a bloom-type stock for grafting cultivation of cucumbers. In the first experiment, the effect of Si on Mn toxicity in the Shintosa cultivar was compared with that in the Super unryu cultivar which is used as a bloomless-type stock. Without Si supply, growth depression occurred in both cultivars at the levels of 100 and 500 µM Mn in the nutrient solution. The alleviative effect of Si on the growth depression was observed more distinctly for the Shintosa cultivar than for the Super unryu cultivar, and the effect became more pronounced with increasing Si levels in the nutrient solution. Regardless of the Mn levels, addition of Si did not decrease the Mn content of the plants. The relative shoot growth was reduced to less than 80% when the molar ratio of Si/Mn in the shoots was lower than 4.5. In the second experiment, Mn and Si in the lower leaves of the Shintosa cultivar treated with different levels of Mn with and without Si supply were extracted with 10 mM Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4). At the levels of 100 and 250 µM Mn, the amounts of Mn in the buffer-insoluble fraction increased in the presence of Si supply and the buffer-soluble Mn accounted for less than 9% of the total Mn in the leaf. In addition, more than 84% of the total Si was found in the buffer-insoluble fraction at each Mn level. Distribution of Mn and Si on the surface of the lowerú leaves of the Shintosa cultivar treated with 250 µM Mn with and without Si supply was examined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis in the third experiment; Both Mn and Si accumulated at high concentrations around the base of the trichomes in the presence of Si supply. Without Si supply, Mn was detected around the necrotic brown lesions in addition to the base of the trichomes. These results suggested that in the Shintosa cultivar, Si alleviated the Mn toxicity through a localized accumulation of Mn with Si in a metabolically inactive form around the base of the trichomes on the leaf surface.     

种植密度对不同矮生型西葫芦品种冠层源库特征及产量的影响

国内西葫芦品种有矮生和半矮生两类, 半矮生品种是目前保护地主要栽培类型。试验分别以2个半矮生"东葫4号"和"冬玉"及2个矮生品种"长青王3号"和"早青"为研究对象, 研究了种植密度对大棚西葫芦群体冠层、源 库特征的影响, 以揭示大棚西葫芦高产的关键因素。结果表明: 从低密度到高密度, 半矮生西葫芦品种冠层指标的变化高于矮生品种, 叶面积指数(LAI)、源供应能力、库容量的变化呈二次曲线, 透光率的变化与LAI趋势相反, 源库比随密度由低到高呈线性变化, 最适源库比下产量最高。低密度下, LAI较低, 漏光损失大, 源供应能力、库容量、源库比都较低, 库容量小是其产量较低的主要原因; 中密度下, 不同生育期LAI较高, 半矮生品种最大为4.4, 矮生品种最大为3.3, 冠层底部的透光率较小, 半矮生品种平均为12.4%, 矮生品种为13.2%, 源足、库大且接近最大值, 半矮生品种与矮生品种最大源供应能力分别为1 169.8 g·m^-2、736.9 g·m^-2, 最大库容量分别为422.4 g·m^-2、333.0 g·m^-2, 源库比接近最适值(半矮生与矮生品种分别为2.62、1.96)是其产量高的主要原因; 高密度下, 结果前期LAI上升最快, 达到峰值后群体底部透光率更低, 结果后期下部叶片早衰, LAI下降较快, 漏光损失大, 源的供应能力成为高密度下限制产量的主导因素。半矮生品种较矮生品种产量高, 其冠层有较高较稳的源供应能力是主要因素(半矮生品种的最大源供应能力是矮生品种的1.6倍), 保护地生产应选用半矮生品种。     

不同湿度的热空气处理对西葫芦果实低温贮藏抗冷性 和活性氧代谢的影响

为探究不同湿度的热空气处理对西葫芦果实低温贮藏品质抗冷性及活性氧代谢的影响,西葫芦果实采后分别经40℃,80％、60％和20％三种湿度的热空气处理1h,复温后在冷库贮藏5、10、15d监测果实品质冷害症状、活性氧代谢水平及抗氧化指标.结果表明,与对照组相比,湿度为80％、60％的热空气处理组能延缓西葫芦果实硬度和抗坏血酸含量的下降,抑制电解质渗透率、MDA含量、LOX活性的上升以及CAT、POD、APX活性的下降,同时促进可溶性蛋白的合成.其中80％组的冷害指数、硬度、MDA含量、抗坏血酸含量、LOX、CAT、POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量均显著优于其他组,表明80％组是实验中的最佳处理湿度.该研究为西葫芦的贮藏保鲜提供新的参考与思路.