Monitoring physiological races of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Podosphaera xanthii</Emphasis> (syn.<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphaerotheca fuliginea</Emphasis>), the causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits: Factors affecting race identification and the importance for research and commerce

Identification of the physiological races ofPodosphaera xanthii (syn.Sphaerotheca fuliginea), the causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits, is based upon the differing responses of various melon cultigens to the pathogen. Eight races of the pathogen have been identified to date in the USA, Africa, Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea, and four new races were reported from greenhouse melons in the major growing area of Japan. Plant responses to powdery mildew may be affected by environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature and humidity, as well as by age and nutritional status of the plants. The same factors affect the accuracy and reliability of race identification. In an attempt to overcome those obstacles, the genetic diversity ofP. xanthii was studied using molecular markers. Unfortunately, no correlation was found between DNA polymorphism and the race of the pathogen as identified by biological tests. The usefulness of race identification as a guide for the grower in selecting appropriate cultivars is limited because changes or shifts in the pathogen population are common. Such changes may be found among growing seasons, geographic regions and hosts, and also within a single greenhouse during a single season. On the other hand, race identification is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry, which requires accuracy in declaring the type and level of resistance to powdery mildew in its products. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 2, 2004. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 501/04.     

Co‐infection with Cucumber vein yellowing virus and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus leading to synergism in cucumber

Symptom expression and levels of the ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) and the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) were compared in greenhouse cucumbers in single and mixed infections. Results were contrasted with those obtained for plants infected with the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in single and in mixed infections with either CVYV or CYSDV. Cucumber showed leaf symptoms of each co‐infecting virus, except for the combination of CYSDV with ZYMV, where the typical CYSDV‐like symptoms of interveinal leaf yellowing were inconspicuous or absent. The progression of CVYV as quantified by real‐time RT‐PCR was similar in plants with single infections and in mixed infection with CYSDV between 15 and 60 days post‐inoculation (dpi). However, CYSDV was detected at significantly enhanced levels in plants when co‐infected with CVYV but not when co‐infected with ZYMV. In the latter case, ZYMV levels were reduced when compared with single infections. During mixed infections of ZYMV and CVYV, the titre levels of the ipomovirus were significantly lower when compared with single infections. Cucumber had reduced plant height, internode length, dry weight and fruit yield, positively correlated with the titre levels of CVYV and not of CYSDV during mixed infections. It is concluded that co‐infections with CVYV enhance the titre of CYSDV, which could have epidemiological significance.     

盐胁迫对西瓜和甜瓜种子萌发的影响

在室内人工气候箱控制的条件下,研究了不同浓度(30、50、100、200 mmol/L)复合钠盐(NaCl+ Na2CO3+Na2SO4)溶液胁迫对西瓜和甜瓜种子萌发的影响.结果表明,未经盐胁迫处理的西瓜和甜瓜种子的萌发率很高,分别为97.78％和98.89％;经过盐胁迫处理的种子萌发率显著降低,其中以甜瓜种子的萌发率降低幅度更大,30、50、100、200 mmol/L盐溶液处理的种子萌发率分别降低到97.78％、75.56％、35.56％ 、30.00％;随着盐浓度的增大,种子萌发进程减慢(萌发速率系数增大),萌发指数和幼苗活力指数随着盐胁迫浓度的增大而减小.     

黄瓜ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶基因克隆及表达分析

以西双版纳黄瓜为试材,从黄瓜果肉中克隆ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶(ZDS)基因的cDNA序列,命名为CsZds。获得目的片段长度为1805bp,该序列具有完整的开放阅读框,位于31~1761bp,编码576个氨基酸。序列比对分析结果显示,该蛋白在氨基端变化十分明显,中部较为保守,存在一个特征序列。系统进化分析表明,推测的CsZDS蛋白与南瓜中ZDS蛋白同源性最高,达到91.84%。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析结果显示,随着果实成熟期的延长,西双版纳黄瓜CsZds基因的表达量呈明显上升的趋势,在转色期达到最大。在果实发育过程中,西双版纳黄瓜CsZds基因的表达量高于普通黄瓜。     

黄色粘虫板对黄瓜大棚内几种害虫的诱杀效果

在种植黄瓜的大棚内,研究了黄色粘虫板的不同挂板时间对大棚内蚜虫、斑潜蝇、烟粉虱、白粉虱、蓟马、绿盲蝽等6种害虫诱杀效果的影响。结果表明:挂黄色粘虫板的时间越早,大棚内后期的蚜虫、斑潜蝇、蓟马、绿盲蝽、白粉虱的数量越少,即诱杀效果越好;从2月18日起挂黄色粘虫板可以将大棚内的蚜虫、蓟马、绿盲蝽的数量控制在一个较低的水平,将斑潜蝇、烟粉虱的数量控制在一个稳定的水平,但白粉虱数量依然呈增加的趋势;从3月20日起挂黄色粘虫板也可以将大棚内的蓟马、绿盲蝽数量控制在一个稳定的水平,但是控制烟粉虱的效果不显著。     

CO2浓度升高与增施钾肥对土壤化学性质的影响

采用土培和开顶箱法,研究了大气CO_2浓度升高与增施K肥共同作用对土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明,土壤中N、P的含量在高CO_2浓度和高K肥水平下下降,K的含量随K肥用量增加而增加.高K(200、300 mg/kg)处理和高浓度CO_2下温室次生盐渍化土壤中的NO_3~(-)、PO_4~(3-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+) 含量也显著降低.因此,在未来CO_2浓度升高的环境中,更多的K肥供应能促进作物对此生盐渍化土壤中养分的吸收,降低此生盐渍化土壤中盐分的积累.     

基于聚乙烯袋水培法9个甜瓜品种对埃及列当的抗性鉴定

【目的】基于聚乙烯袋水培法研究甜瓜不同品种对列当的抗性鉴定方法,为甜瓜抗列当品种选育提供技术支撑。【方法】利用聚乙烯袋水培法,研究不同甜瓜品种根系分泌物对埃及列当种子萌发诱导活性及寄生的影响,评价甜瓜品种抗性。【结果】聚乙烯袋水培9个接种埃及列当种子的甜瓜品种,其根系分泌物都可刺激列当种子发芽,但瘤状茎数量差异显著。用瘤状茎数量评价9个甜瓜品种对埃及列当的抗性,结果表明,参试甜瓜品种对列当寄生的抗感性存在差异,k2-2、k2-7及CEZ这3个品种抗性优于其他品种。【结论】聚乙烯袋水培法可作为有效的甜瓜列当抗性室内鉴定方法。     

分散固相萃取法测定黄瓜中的喹啉铜残留量

建立了分散固相萃取（d-SPE）-高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析测定黄瓜中喹啉铜残留量的方法。样品采用乙腈和0.1 mol/L盐酸混合溶液提取,C₁₈填料净化,高效液相色谱仪分离,紫外检测器检测。其色谱条件为：色谱柱SunFireC₁₈（4.6×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相为十二烷基硫酸钠磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈（65∶35）体系,流速0.6 mL/min,检测波长250 nm。结果表明：在0.02、0.2、2 mg/kg三个添加水平下,喹啉铜回收率在92.3%~107.7%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在2.0%~7.7%之间。该方法操作简单、灵敏度和准确度高,能够用于黄瓜中喹啉铜的残留分析。     

盐胁迫下大气CO2浓度升高对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及矿质养分吸收的影响

采用营养液培养和开顶箱法,研究了盐胁迫下CO2浓度升高对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,黄瓜生长在80mmol/L NaCl下,其生物量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度明显升高;CO2浓度升高可增加盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生物量,使光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率升高。表明CO2浓度升高能减轻盐胁迫对光合功能的不利效应。80mmol/L NaCl可使黄瓜幼苗体内总N和K 的浓度降低,而使Na 浓度增加;CO2浓度升高具有提高盐胁迫下总N和K 浓度,降低Na 浓度的效应,说明CO2浓度升高可减轻盐胁迫的毒害作用,提高黄瓜幼苗生物量。     

甜瓜种皮颜色控制基因CmSC1的精细定位及候选基因分析

【目的】通过对甜瓜种皮颜色进行遗传分析及基因精细定位,并推测其候选基因和开发特异分子标记,为下一步该基因的功能研究及合理利用奠定基础。【方法】利用白色种皮材料HP22和黄色种皮材料B8、B150分别配制杂交组合,获得后代遗传分离群体并进行种皮颜色的表型调查及遗传分析,通过基因图位克隆方法完成基因的精细定位。通过对定位区间内注释基因进行编码区序列和功能分析确定关键候选目的基因。【结果】甜瓜白色种皮对黄色种皮为显性,由单显性基因CmSC1控制并表现延迟遗传效应。利用368个黄色种皮F₂单株最终将CmSC1精细定位于第5号染色体分子标记S27和S28之间物理距离约95 kb区间内,共包含12个注释基因。其中一个为拟南芥AtTT8同源的编码bHLH转录因子蛋白的MELO3C014406,经序列变异位点分析,黄色种皮材料B8和B150分别在该基因ATG下游第47位碱基处插入碱基A以及在第260位碱基处缺失14 bp导致翻译蛋白提前终止,致使后面功能结构域完全缺失,进而通过开发特异分子标记YS及序列分析,发现65份黄色种皮材料均发生这两种突变形式中的一种,推测MELO3C014406即为控制种皮颜色CmSC1的目的基因。【结论】本研究将控制种皮颜色的CmSC1精细定位于第5染色体95 kb区间内,推测MELO3C014406为最终目的基因,并开发了特异分子标记YS。