甜瓜花器官发育相关基因的电子克隆及表达分析

以厚皮甜瓜（Cucumis melo）‘WI998’（纯雌系）与‘TopMark’（雄全同株）配制杂交组合获得的RIL₆群体为材料,对分离后代雌雄异花同株,雄全同株,完全花植株及纯雌株进行转录组测序,利用生物信息学分析方法,获得花器官发育相关基因序列Un16008,命名为CmTs2。该序列位于甜瓜第12条染色体上,长度1 842 bp,119 ~ 832之间存在一个包含237个氨基酸的最大开放式阅读框,成熟蛋白分子量为25 358.8 D,该蛋白不稳定系数为21.6,脂肪系数是99.11,平均亲水系数为0.078。通过Blast比对发现该基因与多种作物Tasselseeds2（TS2）基因具有高度同源性,其中与黄瓜Tasselseeds2基因同源性高达96%。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测,发现该基因在甜瓜雌雄异花同株花和叶片中表达量均高于其它性别类型植株,在纯雌株中表达量最低,说明该基因可能参与甜瓜花器官发育,尤其是雌花发育的过程。     

Thermal requirements and population dynamics of root‐knot nematodes on cucumber and yield losses under protected cultivation

Several studies were carried out to determine (i) thermal requirements for development, egg production and emergence of juveniles, and completion of the life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica on cucumber, (ii) the maximum multiplication rate and the equilibrium density of root‐knot nematodes on cucumber and yield losses in pot and plastic greenhouse experiments, and (iii) the relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content (RLCC) and relative cucumber dry top weight biomass (RDTWB) in relation to increasing nematode densities at planting (P_i) in pot experiments. Thermal requirements of M. incognita and M. javanica on cucumber did not differ, irrespective of the biological stage. In the pot experiments, M. javanica completed one generation. The maximum multiplication rate (a) was 833, and the equilibrium density (E) varied according to the effective inoculum densities. The relationship between RDTWB and P_i fitted the Seinhorst damage function model. The RLCC value at 40 or 50 days post‐inoculation also fitted the damage model and was related to RDTWB. In greenhouse experiments, conducted from 2009 to 2012, M. incognita completed three generations. The values for a and E were 1147 and 625 second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm³ soil, respectively. The tolerance limit was below zero, and the minimum relative yield ranged from 0·12 to 0·34.     

CO2浓度升高与增施钾肥对黄瓜生长的影响

采用土培和开顶箱法,研究了大气CO_2浓度升高与K肥共同作用对黄瓜生长的影响.结果表明,CO_2浓度升高和K肥浓度增大均能增加黄瓜干物质的积累,且在高CO_2浓度下.200mg/kg和300 mg/kg K肥处理时黄瓜的干物重达到最大值.大气CO_2浓度升高使得黄瓜体内的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量均降低,K肥处理对黄瓜植株内N、P、Ca、Mg含量的影响不大,但K的含量随K肥的增加而增加.在高浓度CO_2下,200mg/kg和300mg/kg K肥处理时黄瓜对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收量达到最大值.可见,在未来CO_2浓度升高的环境中,更多的K肥供应能促进作物对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收,使其快速高效的生长.     

黄瓜耐弱光性状的QTL定位

应用“欧洲八号×秋棚”为亲本获得的重组自交系群体为材料,以叶面积增长量为鉴定指标,在弱光条件下(光照强度80滋mol·m-2·s-1,光照时数8h白天/16h夜,温度25℃白天/18℃夜)对黄瓜的耐弱光性状进行了研究。发现该RIL群体的双亲在弱光条件下的叶面积增长量存在明显差异。应用该群体构建的具有234个标记位点的连锁图对控制黄瓜耐弱光的数量性状基因(QTL)进行了研究。共定位了5个叶面积增长量的QTL,每个QTL的贡献率在7.3%~20.2%之间。其中1个QTL显示正效加性效应,4个QTL显示负效加性效应。     

京玉1号甜瓜高效再生体系的建立

以京玉1号甜瓜为材料,研究了外植体不同部位、苗龄、激素组合等因素对植株离体再生的影响,建立了以子叶为外植体的高效再生体系.结果表明:甜瓜子叶生长6 d时最佳,用Ms+6-BA 2.0 mg/L诱导分化培养基,不定芽诱导率可达88.67%;诱导不定芽伸长生长以MS+GA32 mg/L+KT 2 mg/L为最佳,伸长率达83.33%;伸长的不定芽在MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L上生根良好,外植体生根率达91.67%.     

瓢形和细腰形葫芦种子在不同温度下发芽情况比较

以瓢形和细腰形2种葫芦种子为试材,对不同培养温度条件下2种类型葫芦种子的发芽势和发芽率进行对比统计分析。结果表明：同等温度条件下,瓢形葫芦比细腰形葫芦发芽率高,但差异不显著;同种类型葫芦种子在不同温度培养条件下,发芽率差异也不显著,其中27℃培养条件下葫芦种子的发芽率最高。     

黄瓜中乙烯菌核利残留测定的测量不确定度评定

依据NY/T761—2008标准第二部分,采用气相色谱法对黄瓜中乙烯菌核利残留进行测定,分析检测过程中的各不确定度分量来源,建立了不确定度评定的数学模型,进而对各不确定分量进行合成与扩展。结果表明:黄瓜中乙烯菌核利残留测量结果的合成相对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为2.78%和5.56%（k=2）,其中标准溶液的稀释与定容过程、乙烯菌核利残留的提取和净化过程所产生的回收率差异、色谱峰面积测量导致的误差是测量不确定度的主要来源。本研究结果可为客观评价蔬菜中农药残留检测结果提供参考。     

Role of effective microorganisms in efficacy of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide on suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato plants

The release of active ingredient chemicals in conventional organic amendments is primarily through microbial degradation, whereas in granular phytonematicides, leaching through irrigation water had been implied as a probable mechanism. The objective of this study was to determine the role of effective microorganisms (EM) on the efficacy of Nemarioc-AG (NAG; G?=?granular formulation) phytonematicide on suppression of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. A 5?×?6 factorial experiment, with EM at 0%, 0.14%, 0.17%, 0.20% and 0.25% and phytonematicide at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15?g per plant, was conducted under microplot conditions. Each plant was inoculated with 11,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. Seventy days after initiating the treatments, the interactions were not significant (P?≥?.05) on all variables, but the main factors were highly significant. Regression of nematode population densities, root gall and dry shoot mass over increasing phytonematicide concentration exhibited quadratic relations, which were explained by 93%, 97% and 99%, respectively. In contrast, stem diameter and phytonematicide concentration had a positive linear relation, which was explained by 98%. Nematode numbers over increasing EM concentration exhibited quadratic relation, which was explained by 97%. All plant variables and EM had no significant relations. In conclusion, the efficacy of NAG phytonematicide on nematode suppression and plant growth was independent of EM activities, suggesting that irrigation water played a major role in the efficacy of the product in granular formulation.     

利用SSR分子标记构建甜瓜遗传图谱

以中国甜瓜地方品种自交系4G21与3A823杂交产生的114个F2单株为作图群体,采用SSR法构建了一张包含14个连锁群、196个标记位点的甜瓜遗传连锁图谱,新增加48个SSR标记.构建的遗传图谱覆盖基因组总长度806 cM,平均间距7.54 cM,最小间距1 cM,最大间距29 cM.将48个SSR标记定位于甜瓜遗传图谱,可作为锚定引物与不同群体构建的甜瓜遗传图谱整合.     

3株放线菌对甜瓜幼苗的促生与抗性诱导作用

【目的】研究3株生防放线菌Act1、Act11和Act12对甜瓜枯萎菌(TF)和西瓜枯萎菌的拮抗性,及其对甜瓜幼苗的促生作用和叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的诱导作用,为防治西甜瓜枯萎病提供高效生防放线菌。【方法】通过琼脂块法和无菌发酵滤液试验,研究了3株放线菌对TF和西瓜枯萎菌的拮抗性及其无菌发酵滤液对甜瓜种子胚轴、胚根生长的影响;通过盆栽试验,研究了3株放线菌对甜瓜幼苗叶绿素相对含量、甜瓜根系质量和根系活力的影响以及对甜瓜叶片PPO活性的诱导作用。【结果】①供试放线菌对TF和西瓜枯萎菌的拮抗圈直径均超过17mm,其无菌发酵滤液对TF和西瓜枯萎菌的抑菌率为2.65%~65.27%,且能促进甜瓜胚轴、胚根生长,提高甜瓜种子活力。②放线菌Act1、Act11和Act12以1.5 g/kg的接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗叶绿素相对含量较单接TF分别增加了17.57%,13.54%和11.59%,差异显著(P0.05);放线菌Act11以1.5 g/kg接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗根系质量较单接TF处理增加了53.33%;放线菌Act1和Act12以2.0 g/kg接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗根系活力较单接TF分别增加了416.67%和166.67%,差异达极显著水平(P0.01)。③放线菌Act11、Act12以1.5 g/kg接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗叶片PPO活性较单接TF分别增加了45.06%,50.20%。【结论】3株生防放线菌对TF和西瓜枯萎菌均具有较强的拮抗性,在一定接种量下,对甜瓜幼苗具有促生和提高诱导抗性的作用,此作用在放线菌与TF混接时表现更为明显。