Identification of QTLs related to sugar and organic acid composition in melon using near-isogenic lines

The soluble sugar and organic acid composition of melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit flesh has become a major focus of plant breeding worldwide in an attempt to improve taste. Thus, sugar and organic acid profiles were characterized using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi (PI 161375). Fruits were cultivated in only one environment. These data were used to map 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs): 18 for individual sugars, eight for sucrose equivalents, five for the glucose-to-fructose ratio, seven for the total sugar content and 21 for organic acids. Within the QTLs that were associated with the sugar profile, 27 defined the sugar content: eight for fructose, six for glucose, four for sucrose, and nine for sucrose equivalents. Although increased sweetness of selected NILs compared with the parental PS was achieved by an increased glucose or fructose content, only glucose heritability was above 0.5. A total of 21 QTLs (two with positive effects and nineteen with detrimental effects compared with the PS levels) controlled the organic acid profile: l-glutamic, ascorbic and succinic acids (the principal ones) and fumaric, citric, oxalacetic, and isocitric acids. The levels of sugars imparted by the PI 161375 introgression frequently decreased the score grades given to NILs by consumers. Within the 32 QTLs mapped for sensory traits, 27 were associated with lower scores in taste (nine QTLs), sweetness (eight QTLs) or global quality appreciation (nine QTLs); two with increased fruit sourness or sweetness and three with increased fruit bitterness. The QTLs defined herein may assist breeders to understand the overall organoleptic balance (sweetness, sourness, and umami taste) in melon fruit, particularly those located within linkage groups III, V, VI, and VIII to XI.     

Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating antioxidative system

Cucumber chilling-resistant cultivar Changchun mici and -sensitive cultivar Beijing jietou were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous PAs on protection against chilling injury as well as on changes of physiological features, and the fluctuation of free PAs content in the leaves under chilling stress. Upon chilling treatment, free spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) were remarkably induced in the leaves of cv. Changchun mici 1 day after treatment. The induction of Put declined thereafter, whereas Spd and Spm levels increased steadily. In the leaves of cv. Beijing jietou, Put content was increased only at 1 day after chilling while Spd content decreased significantly upon chilling treatment. Chilling reduced soluble protein content, and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) only in Beijing jietou. However, these changes could be renovated by exogenous application of Put and Spd. It was also found that pretreatment with Put and Spd diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars. Pretreatment of methyglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), the PAs biosynthetic inhibitor cancelled the effects of PAs in most of the treatments. Moreover, histochemical staining and quantitative measurements showed that exogenous application of Put and Spd eliminated but MGBG exaggerated the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation caused by chilling stress, especially in leaves of Beijing jietou. Interestingly, Changchun mici was found to contain higher endogenous free PAs contents compared to Beijing jietou. While no significant difference of SOD, POD and CAT activities was found between non-chilling Changchun mici and Beijing jietou seedlings, the former exhibited higher APX activity than the latter. These results suggest that PAs play important roles in the tolerance of cucumber against chilling stress, which is most likely achieved by acting as oxidative machinery against chilling injury.     

甜瓜枯萎病接种方法比较试验初报

分别采用灌根法、米饭粒接种法、蘸根法及胚根接种法对甜瓜枯萎病进行接种试验,拟为甜瓜抗病育种提供依据。结果表明:米饭粒接种法发病率最高,达到99%;胚根接种法最低,为10%;灌根法发病率为66.7%;蘸根法发病率为91%,且操作简单、精确,最适合进行甜瓜枯萎病抗病鉴定研究。     

不同氮素形态配比对网纹甜瓜干物质分配和氮代谢的影响

该文研究了4种氮素形态配比(NO3--N∶NH4 -N分别为100∶0,75∶25,50∶50和25∶75)对基质栽培网纹甜瓜(品种为“春丽”和“蜜玲珑”)干物质积累和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,不同氮素形态配比影响了植株各器官干重占全株干重的百分比。随氮素形态中氨态氮比例的增加,叶片中硝酸还原酶、硝酸盐含量和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而游离氨基酸含量则在NO3--N∶NH4 -N为50∶50的处理中最高。     

外源水杨酸诱导的部分甜瓜自毒作用相关基因的表达分析

以甜瓜(Cucumis melo)品种‘新银辉’为材料,采取根灌法,以水杨酸(10μmol/L)处理甜瓜幼苗,通过Real-Time PCR对叶片中部分自毒作用相关基因的表达量进行定量分析,以探究外源水杨酸诱导对甜瓜自毒作用的影响。结果显示,经外源水杨酸诱导后:(1)在催化苯丙烷类代谢途径的3个初始反应的蛋白酶编码基因中,PAL和C4H随处理后时间增加,呈逐渐上调趋势,但PAL比C4H更快响应胁迫,而4CL转录水平没有显著变化;(2)在类黄酮生物合成的3个关键酶的基因中,CHI、F3H均显示出不同程度的下调,CHS于处理后1 d略微上调,然后恢复至处理前水平;(3)两个转录因子基因WD40、R2R3-MYB分别在不同处理时间后显著下调;(4)WD40与CHI的表达相关性较高。据上述结果 ,水杨酸诱导后:(Ⅰ)CHI表达可能与转录因子WD40蛋白相关;(Ⅱ)WD40、R2R3-MYB与PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS间不存在简单、明确的调控关系;(Ⅲ)柚皮苷、表儿茶素、芦丁等甜瓜主要化感物质合成减少。     

植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)对黄瓜生长及生理生化特性的影响

为了解植物生长促生细菌CH1与CH2对黄瓜生长及品质的作用机制,采用种子催芽、温室盆栽与生理生化的方法,研究了其对黄瓜生长及生理代谢的影响.结果表明,CH1与CH2对黄瓜种子萌发、根与植株的生长有显著促进作用,根部与叶部中超氧阴离子产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著减少,与品质相关的叶绿素、蛋白质、可溶性糖和VC含量显著增加.     

黄瓜枯萎病拮抗菌的生防效果及其对植株生长代谢的影响

利用从黄瓜根际土壤筛选的、经温室内消毒土壤处理证明有效的3株枯萎病拮抗菌DS-1、SG-126和Q-2接种日光温室连作黄瓜土壤,进一步研究对枯萎病防效、植株生长和代谢的影响,结果表明:3株拮抗菌均能提高黄瓜对枯萎病的抵抗能力,减少发病率,细菌DS-1、放线菌SG-126和细菌Q-2防治黄瓜枯萎病的效果分别为51.43%、42.86%和37.50%;DS-1和SG-126能显著促进黄瓜的生长发育,Q-2效果较差;接种拮抗菌不同程度地提高了黄瓜叶片保护酶(SOD、CAT、PPO和PAL)活性和叶绿素含量,降低了电解质渗漏率。     

补充不同光质对温室黄瓜生长发育、光合和前期产量的影响

 【目的】研究温室黄瓜对不同光质的反应及其反应机理。【方法】对处于弱光条件下的温室黄瓜进行补充红光（650 nm）和蓝光（450 nm）处理,以补充白光为对照,补光时间10 h（7：30－17：30）,测定不同光质对温室黄瓜生长发育、叶绿素含量、叶片光合特性和前期产量的影响。【结果】补充红光处理提高了温室黄瓜冠层日最高温度、日最低温度、株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率、干物质产量,促进同化产物向营养器官分配。蓝光处理提高了温室黄瓜叶片的比叶面积、气孔导度,促进同化产物向果实分配,提高了商品果数量和商品果总产量。【结论】补充红光和蓝光由于提高了温室黄瓜叶片的光合速率、叶面积和比叶面积,从而增加了温室黄瓜的干物质产量,补充蓝光促进了同化产物向果实分配,从而提高了产量。     

植物根围促生细菌（PGPR）的分离筛选及对黄瓜土传病害的防治

为获取防治黄瓜土传病害的植物根围促生菌(PGPR)并明确其防效,采用促生筛选法与大田小区试验法,对黄瓜根围的促生细菌进行了筛选并对其田间防效进行了研究。结果表明,通过盆栽测定结合平皿初筛,筛选到的三株PGPR菌株,CH1,CH2和CH3都能显著地促进黄瓜生长。此外,离体拮抗试验发现,CH1和CH2对黄瓜枯萎病菌都有拮抗作用,而对瓜果腐霉均无拮抗作用,CH3对两种病原菌都有拮抗作用。盆栽防病效果测定,证实了这三株PGPR对黄瓜枯萎病和猝倒病都有较好的防治效果,田间试验进一步验证了其防效,并且发现PGPR间的亲和与非亲和性组合的促生与防病效果都显著好于单株的。这些试验结果为三株PGPRs的进一步研究和产业化奠定了坚实的基础。