Lesion size induced by Chrysoporthe fungal pathogens varies between Eucalyptus species and geographic locations in Zambia

Chrysoporthe canker disease is one of the serious threats facing planted Eucalyptus in southern Africa. In order to manage this disease, planting of less susceptible species of Eucalyptus has been promoted in many countries but it is not clear which species are less susceptible for Zambian environments. The purpose of this study was to test the response of different Eucalyptus species to Chrysoporthe fungal pathogens under field conditions to identify the least susceptible species to the disease. Two-year-old Eucalyptus trees (E. grandis, E. camaldulensis, E. cloeziana and E. tereticornis) growing in low- and high-rainfall locations were inoculated separately with three Chrysoporthe fungal species (C. austroafricana, C. syzygiicola and C. zambiensis) and the induced lesion size was measured six months after inoculation. Analysis of variance revealed that lesion size differed significantly between Eucalyptus species (F_3,948 = 1 978.8, p < 0.001). Lesion size on Eucalyptus species increased in the order E. camaldulensis < E. teriticornis < E. cloeziana < E. grandis. On average, trees growing in the higher-rainfall site produced significantly larger lesions than trees growing in the low-rainfall site (F_1,948 = 565, p < 0.001), suggesting that location influences disease severity. Smaller lesions on E. camaldulensis indicate lower susceptibility to Chrysoporthe canker disease, providing an opportunity to use this species in the selection and breeding for resistant Eucalyptus genotypes for plantation development in high disease-risk sites in Zambia.     

不同来源的板栗栗疫病菌致病性差异研究

为了探索我国板栗疫病发生区域病原菌之间的致病力差异,收集46株来源于我国6省18个县（市）的板栗疫病菌株,通过毒力比较和对同一株板栗枝条的接种试验,测定不同地域菌株间的致病性差异。结果表明,不同地域来源的栗疫病病原菌的致病性具有显著差异,其中,北京怀柔、四川眉山等地来源的栗疫菌致病性最强,属于强毒力菌株,而陕西镇安来源的栗疫菌致病性最弱,湖北武汉和宜昌的栗疫菌致病性居中。     

板栗自然居群疫病发生研究

通过田间实地调查,进一步确认我国栗疫病的发病率由北向南逐渐减轻,栗疫病的各级发病症状在各被调查地均有不同程度的发生.结合调查进行取样,采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术对发病群体与无病群体进行遗传多样性分析,发现除等位基因平均数(A)二群体相等外,无病群体的多态位点比率(P)、平均观察杂合度(Ho )、平均期望基因杂合度(He)均高于有病群体,固定指数(F)前者大于后者且均为负值(分别为:-0.216和-0.241).     

栗疫病研究进展

全面综述了栗疫病的研究进展,包括栗疫病的发生和为害性、症状、病原菌及其弱毒力、寄主植物、病害循环、发病条件和防治等方面所取得的成就和发展趋势,并就某些问题提出作者的观点     

亚、欧、美洲栗疫菌群体结构比较(英文)

采用同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了７个栗疫菌（Ｃｒｙｐｈｏｎｅｃｔｒｉａｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ）群体的遗传结构．遗传相似性分析表明中国４个群体间相似性较好;美国群体与意大利群体相似,而且它们与日本群体的相似性优于与中国群体的相似性,表明美国的栗疫菌可能是从日本传入的．总群体的遗传差异为０．１６０,其中８１．３％由群体内的变异引起,１６．９％由群体间的差异引起．群体间的基因流动值为２．４６．     

栗疫菌营养体亲和型多样性比较及野生栗栗疫菌交配型的分子检测

在北京周边县区、湖北大老岭山区以及陕西安康地区分别调查栗疫病发生情况,采集病原栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)菌株并进行营养体亲和性试验.结果表明:北京板栗栽培区和陕西安康地区野生栗栗疫病发病率较高,局部地区危害严重;湖北大老岭山区栗疫病发病率低,危害轻微.北京地区菌株群体营养体亲和型多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener's diversity index)极显著低于湖北菌株群体和陕西菌株群体,而陕西与湖北菌株群体营养体亲和型多样性指数差异不显著.随机选取湖北、陕西野生栗栗疫菌部分菌株,利用特异性引物,通过普通PCR和巢氏PCR,对其交配型进行测定,发现陕西与湖北野生栗菌株群体中均存在MAT-1与MAT-2两种交配型的菌株.通过PCR扩增,在两地的野生菌株群体里均发现同时具有两种交配型基因的菌株,其中,陕西群体此类菌株比例较大,湖北菌株比例较小     

板栗疫病在广西区内的危险性分析

通过定性因素和定量指标体系相结合的方法对板栗疫病在广西的危险性进行评估,评估结果表明,此病害的危险性综合评价值为1.7128,属于中度危险性的林业有害生物。板栗疫病菌寄主范围广,此病在广西的分布已经相当广泛,但板栗疫病的病原菌不必补充为广西壮族自治区林业检疫性有害生物。通过采取栽培无病苗木、减少枝条和主干的伤口、削除枝条和主干的病斑和进行伤口的消毒、砍除重病枝等措施,可以有效地防治病害的发生。     

板栗疫病与主要生境和经营因素的定量分析

应用数量化理论I模型分析板栗疫病与生境和经营因素的关系。复相关检验结果表明，板栗疫病发病率和感病指数两个数学模型均达到极显著水平；偏相关t检验表明，发病率同A层厚度、土层厚度、经营水平有紧密的相关性，与土壤质地有较紧密相关；感病指数同A层厚度、土层厚度、土壤质地有紧密的相关，与经营水平有或较紧密的相关。     

细菌嗜铁素、DAPG和PCA对板栗疫病菌的抑制作用

为了探讨生防细菌防治板栗疫病的潜力,测定了恶臭假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas putida)WCS358r菌株及其嗜铁素缺失突变体JM218,转基因菌株WCS358::phl和WCS358::phz对板栗疫病菌生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用。在KB和板栗枝条韧皮部抽提液培养基(BA)中,WCS358r对病菌生长和分生孢子萌发具有较强的抑制作用,而JM218几乎没有抑制效果;在培养基中加入200μmol/L FeCl3后,WCS358r对病菌的抑制能力显著降低,证明WCS358r产生的嗜铁素是抑制菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的重要因子。在PDA培养基中,WCS358r对病菌无抑制效果。在上述三种培养基中,产生抗生素2,4-二乙酰间苯三酚(DAPG)的转基因菌株WCS358::phl与原始菌株WCS358r相比,抑菌效果明显增强,而产生酚嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)的WCS358::phz的抑菌能力无明显提高。培养基中添加铁对WCS358::phl的抑菌活性无影响,但能降低WCS358::phz对板栗疫病菌的抑制效果。由此说明,嗜铁素和DAPG对抑制板栗疫病菌生长和孢子萌发具有重要作用,而PCA的抑菌效果不明显。     

Hypovirulence detected in Brazilian isolates of Cryphonectria cubensis

A single 3 kb segment of double-stranded (dsRNA) was present in three of 30 Brazilian isolates of Cryphonectria cubensis . These dsRNA-containing isolates showed morphological characteristics suggestive of hypovirulence and were significantly less virulent than dsRNA-free isolates. One isolate, however, with morphological characteristics suggestive of hypovirulence, showed reduced virulence, but was free from dsRNA. Conversion of virulent isolates with normal morphology to a morphology associated with hypovirulence was achieved by pairing hypovirulent and virulent isolates of the same vegetative compatibility group (VCG). This suggests that dsRNA can be transmitted to isolates of the same vegetative compatibility group by hyphal anastomosis. Converted isolates exhibited the same hypovirulence-associated traits as those of the original dsRNA-containing hypovirulent isolates. These studies suggest that a single 3 kb segment of dsRNA alters both morphology and virulence by conferring hypovirulence on the pathogen; the first such report for Brazilian isolates of C. cubensis .