壳聚糖对烟草黑胫病菌抑制作用

以烟草黑胫病菌（Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae,Ppn）为材料,探讨了4种不同分子量的壳聚糖、壳聚糖的浓度和pH对烟草黑胫病菌的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖处理后烟草黑胫病菌菌丝出现畸变,正常的新陈代谢和细胞壁结构受到明显影响和破坏。在低浓度下（0．625mg·L^-1）,壳聚糖抑菌效果随分子量增大而增强;分子量越小受浓度影响越大,浓度≥5mg·L^-1时,分子量为4．7×10^4的壳聚糖抑菌效果最强。除分子量5．0×10^3的壳聚糖外,其它分子量较大的壳聚糖受pH影响明显。壳聚糖分子量不同,其抑菌主要机理可能也不同,浓度、pH和分子量对其抑菌活性具有较强的影响。     

板栗疫病与主要生境和经营因素的定量分析

应用数量化理论I模型分析板栗疫病与生境和经营因素的关系。复相关检验结果表明,板栗疫病发病率和感病指数两个数学模型均达到极显著水平;偏相关t检验表明,发病率同A层厚度、土层厚度、经营水平有紧密的相关性,与土壤质地有较紧密相关;感病指数同A层厚度、土层厚度、土壤质地有紧密的相关,与经营水平有或较紧密的相关。     

板栗疫病在广西区内的危险性分析

通过定性因素和定量指标体系相结合的方法对板栗疫病在广西的危险性进行评估,评估结果表明,此病害的危险性综合评价值为1.7128,属于中度危险性的林业有害生物。板栗疫病菌寄主范围广,此病在广西的分布已经相当广泛,但板栗疫病的病原菌不必补充为广西壮族自治区林业检疫性有害生物。通过采取栽培无病苗木、减少枝条和主干的伤口、削除枝条和主干的病斑和进行伤口的消毒、砍除重病枝等措施,可以有效地防治病害的发生。     

Characterization of mutants of the chestnut blight fungus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryphonectria parasitica</Emphasis>) with unusual hypovirus symptoms

The type virus of the family Hypoviridae, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 strain EP713 (CHV1-EP713), infects Cryphonectria parasitica, the filamentous causal fungus of chestnut blight, and reduces its virulence. This pathosystem serves as a model to study fungus-mycovirus interactions. We previously developed a genetic screening protocol for host factors associated with symptom induction by CHV1-EP713 and its mutants. In the procedure the standard field fungal isolate EP155 was transformed by cDNA from a mild hypovirus mutant Cys(72), launching virus infection, and mutagenized by random plasmid insertion with pHygR conferring hygromycin resistance. We now report an extension of the study to characterize different mutant strains, with different phenotypes than their parental strain TCys(72)-1. TCys(72)-1 is moderately reduced in pigmentation and sporulation compared to the uninfected wild-type strain EP155. Mutants sfb1, sfb2 and k202 were characterized biologically and molecularly in comparison to the previously isolated mutant (namA) and the parental strain. These mutants harbored one (sfb1) or more copies (sfb2 and k202) of the mutagenic plasmid, pHygR. The three mutants had similar biological attributes; that is, vegetative growth rate, conidiation and virulence (assay on apples) was reduced on potato dextrose agar media, relative to the parental strain and pigmentation was the same or slightly increased. Interestingly, viral dsRNA accumulation levels were apparently unaltered in these mutants. The screening method was efficient for mining fungal mutants with unusual hypovirus symptoms. Further, characterization of the mutants provides interesting insights into symptom induction by the hypovirus.     

一种测定大白菜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵敏感性方法的建立及应用

建立了一种新方法—离体子叶浸泡法并用于大白菜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵敏感性的检测。离体子叶在含有0.005%吐温20和0.1%丙酮的甲霜灵中浸泡3h后,接种浓度为1×104孢子囊/mL的大白菜霜霉病菌孢子囊悬浮液,保湿培养6d后观察子叶发病状况。采用离体子叶浸泡法测定了50株大白菜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的敏感性,结果显示部分大白菜霜霉病菌菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性降低,有抗药性亚群体出现。研究表明离体子叶浸泡法重复性好,具有较高的敏感性和精密度,符合生产实际,适用于大白菜霜霉病菌对杀菌剂的敏感性检测。     

不同抗性板栗品种的防御酶系对栗疫菌Cp-毒素的响应

对照.此外,抗病品种酶活性高于中抗品种和感病品种;防御酶的活性与品种抗病性之间呈正相关,毒素作用后防御酶活性的变化可作为衡量板栗抗病性强弱的指标.     

Chestnut blight fungus in Croatia: diversity of vegetative compatibility types,mating types and genetic variability of associated Cryphonectria hypovirus 1

In order to improve understanding of its diversity, 338 isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, were sampled from 10 chestnut populations throughout chestnut‐growing coastal and continental areas of Croatia. Eighteen vegetative compatibility (VC) types were identified. The VC type EU‐1 was the most widespread, comprising 42·9% of the isolates, followed by EU‐2 (21%) and EU‐12 (14·2%). In respect to the occurrence of the main VC types, the C. parasitica populations in Croatia combined features of both northwestern and southeastern European populations. Perithecia and mating‐type ratios of approximately 1 : 1 were found in all populations, suggesting that sexual reproduction of the fungus is common in Croatia. Natural hypovirulence was also evident in all populations, with incidence of hypovirus‐infected isolates ranging from 12·7% in Istria‐Buje to 66·6% in the continental part of the country. A total of 36 hypovirus‐infected isolates sampled throughout Croatia were analysed in ORF‐A and ORF‐B by RT‐PCR/RFLP analysis. All viral isolates belonged to the Italian subtype of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV‐1) and were closely related to the isolates found in other European countries. The RFLP patterns found were also identical or similar to the patterns of three isolates collected in Croatia 22 years ago, suggesting a slow evolution of the hypovirus.     

抗菌肽和几丁质酶基因提高烟草对黑胫病菌和赤星病菌的抗性研究

 通过农杆菌介导法将加信号肽修饰的人工合成杂合抗菌肽CEMA基因(SPCEMA),苜蓿防御素基因(AFP),苦瓜几丁质酶基因(CHI)以及SPCEMA-CHI、AFP-CHI、AFP-SPCEMA双价基因导入本明烟(Nicotiana benthamiana),并对转基因烟草T₀和T₁代进行了抗病性检测,比较了不同转基因植株的抗病效果。研究结果表明,转基因烟草对黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)、赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)的抗性均强于非转基因烟草,病情指数差异达极显著水平,其中转AFP-CHI双价基因烟草具有较强的抗性,与单价转基因烟草的抗性差异达显著水平。但各单价转基因以及双价转基因烟草之间对上述病菌并未表现出显著的抗病性差异。结果表明植物源的抗菌肽基因与几丁质酶基因在抗植物真菌病害中具有协同增效作用。     

Genetics of resistance to downy mildew in Brassica oleracea and breeding towards durable disease control for UK vegetable production

Downy mildew resistance was previously identified from screening a Brassica oleracea collection against two standard UK isolates of Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Sources of resistance were chosen from this material and developed further in this study by generating doubled haploid (DH) and inbred lines. Seedlings from the new lines were tested for resistance to a larger collection of H. parasitica isolates collected in 2001–2002 and 2007–2008 from the main broccoli and cauliflower production regions of the UK. Three lines (derived from borecole or summer cabbage) were broadly resistant to the pathogen isolates. Three of the remaining lines exhibited strong isolate‐specific resistance; several examples of weak or basal level of resistance to some isolates were observed. A new H. parasitica variant collected in 2008 was virulent in the broadly resistant lines, but was avirulent in a line with narrow specificity of resistance. The F₂ and BC₁ seedlings derived from outcrossing each of the three broadly resistant lines to susceptible broccoli and cauliflower lines segregated in a manner indicating that the resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. No susceptibility was observed amongst F₂ seedlings derived from intercrossing the three resistant lines, indicating that they all share the same or closely linked broad‐spectrum resistance gene(s). DH lines were produced from F₁ plants, and resistant plants were further backcrossed to produce broccoli and cauliflower‐like lines that could be useful pre‐breeding material. A combination of resistance from lines with broad and narrow specificity is recommended for controlling downy mildew in UK brassica production.     

西兰花花梗褐心病研究

西兰花花梗褐心病的主要症状为病花梗表面和内部有小褐斑,髓部水渍状并可扩展到花球主轴髓部,花球中部分花梗和花蕾的发育受阻。病花球保湿2～3d后,其切口可形成大量白色霜霉状物。经鉴定,该病害是由寄生霜霉(Peronospora parasitica)引起的新症状,病菌主要在幼蕾期侵染。在西兰花幼蕾期喷施58%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液有很好的防治效果。