水稻内生细菌B196的鉴定及其对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

从水稻体内分离得到的细菌菌株B196对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani的生长有较强抑制作用.通过形态学和生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株B196鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.采用浸种和喷雾的方法将菌株B196接种到水稻植株后,均能在稻株体内回收到该菌株,表明菌株B196能在水稻体内定殖.菌株B196对水稻纹枯病的盆栽和田间防效分别为64.29%和55.13%.     

Stem-base disease and fungal colonisation of winter wheat grown in compost inoculated with Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale

Fungal colonisation of winter wheat cv. Cadenza by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale was studied under conditions designed to avoid the splash dispersal of conidia from infested compost, to evaluate the possibility that systemic growth may transfer infection from the stem-base to the head. At decimal growth stages 33, 59, 77–87 and 95 the extent of fungal growth was assessed using a sample of 72 plants, by the recovery of fungal species from the stem-base, from each node and from the ear. Each of the fungi was recovered from stem tissues above soil level in some, apparently symptomless, plants. Symptoms of Fusarium foot rot were seen in an increasing proportion of plants during grain-fill and desiccation. There was an inverse relationship between recovery and the height above stem-base from which the stem tissue was excised. F. culmorum was the most frequently isolated fungus and it was also recovered from the highest position in plants. Only 3% of plants were colonised above the second node and none of the fungal species were recovered from either the fifth node or the ear. This suggests that colonisation and systemic growth from Fusarium infested compost is unlikely to contribute to the development of ear blight symptoms in winter wheat.     

广西玉米纹枯病菌培养性状及其致病力研究

从广西玉米主产区的8个县市秋玉米的纹枯病病株中分离出8个玉米纹枯病菌株,经生物性状的观察和菌丝融合群测定表明,它们都属于立枯丝核菌AGk-1-IA融合群;腐生定殖能力和致病力测定表明,菌株GX4、GX1的腐生定殖能力和致病力最强。     

小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统应用效果评价

2018年在江苏、陕西、河南、湖北、安徽共18个县(市)安装了小麦赤霉病预报器,在周边设置未防治麦田进行赤霉病调查,并与预警软件平台预测结果相比较,评价小麦赤霉自动监测预警系统的准确性。评价结果表明,2018年该系统预测的准确性达71.8%。结合陕西省植保总站、西安市植保站、渭南华州区植保站、商洛洛南县植保站、安徽凤台县植保站2016年-2018年对该系统的评价结果,证实该系统预测准确性较高,系统工作稳定,自动化程度高,可为小麦赤霉病的科学防控提供重要的参考依据,具有一定的应用前景。     

梨火疫细菌实时荧光PCR和诱捕PCR-ELISA检测方法的建立

根据梨火疫细菌中独特而保守存在的质粒pEA29，设计了1对引物和3条探针，建立了实时荧光PCR检测方法和诱捕PCR-ELISA检测方法。实时荧光PCR采用带荧光标记的核酸杂交探针，边扩增边检测，步骤简单，不需PCR后处理，可避免假阳性和交叉污染；诱捕PCR-ELISA检测方法只需简单处理的样品就能检测，减少了核酸不纯出现的漏检，由于增加了核酸杂交探针，可不需凝胶电泳EB染色检测，不会出现假阳性问题。     

Repression of deoxynivalenol accumulation and expression of Tri genes in Fusarium culmorum by fungicides in vitro

A defined medium was developed in which to monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, fungal growth and expression of genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis (designated Tri genes). In liquid culture, DON accumulated shortly after maximum expression of Tri6 and coincident with expression of Tri5. This was generally 96 h after inoculation. The effects of sublethal concentrations of the fungicides azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and tebuconazole on biosynthesis of the trichothecene DON by Fusarium culmorum were studied using this medium. The strobilurin fungicides trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON in culture medium at a range of concentrations. Kresoxim-methyl, also a strobilurin, and tebuconazole, a triazole, did not significantly reduce the accumulation of DON, although levels were lower than those in nonamended cultures. Trifloxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON when added to cultures before initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. RT-PCR assays of the expression of Tri6 and Tri5 genes indicated that trifloxystrobin acted by inhibiting the initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis.     

8个WRKY转录因子在水稻叶片生长和抗病过程中的表达分析

 WRKY是植物体内最大的转录因子家族之一, 其成员在植物生长发育和抗逆过程中发挥重要作用。为了解水稻WRKY的功能, 本研究利用蛋白质免疫印迹(western blotting, WB)技术, 检测了8个WRKY转录因子在水稻叶片生长和Xa21介导的抗白叶枯病过程中的表达丰度变化。结果表明:OsWRKY12、43、55和86在苗期表达量较低, 随叶片的生长表达逐步增加;OsWRKY50和84在苗期叶片中的表达量相对较高, 成熟期下降;未检测到OsWRKY40/64和52在叶片中的表达。在Xa21介导的白叶枯病抗性反应中, OsWRKY40/64、50和52受白叶枯病菌诱导表达, OsWRKY84受侵染后表达量上调, OsWRKY12、43、55和86在抗病过程中没有检测到表达丰度的变化。进一步比较这些转录因子在抗、感和对照(Mock)反应中的表达, 发现抗、感反应间蛋白质的表达变化是相似的。研究结果提示:OsWRKY12、43、55和86可能在叶片正常生长中发挥作用;OsWRKY40/64和52可能在水稻-白叶枯病菌互作过程中发挥作用;OsWRKY50和84则在叶片生长和抗白叶枯病过程中都有一定的功能。     

拮抗细菌菌株Bacillus spp.间的相互作用及其对水稻纹枯病的抑制

测定了6个Bacillus spp.和1个Pseudomonas sp.P-13(G-对照菌株)在PPM培养基上的相互作用。在总共42个组合中，有27个组合是可亲和性的。在以B5423为单剂之一的5个组合中，亲和性的组合有4个。在温室条件下通过分批播种，在水稻分蘖盛期喷以B5423-R(B5423的标记菌株，是利福平抗性的突变体)为单剂之一的4个亲和性组合的菌悬浮液，以检测该组合中B5423-R在水稻茎基部的种群数量。结果发现，与单剂B5423-R相比，在应用1～7天内，组合B5423-R B45中，B5423-R的群体数量显著性降低；组合B5423-R B95、B5423-R B77中，B5423-R的群体数量与单剂无显著差异；组合B5423-R B4313中，B5423-R的群体数量在应用1～4天内与单剂无显著性差异，但在应用第7天显著地高于单剂。离体叶片纹枯病痛斑面积的抑制试验表明，与各自的单剂相比，组合B95 B5423及B95 Er77显著地抑制了纹枯病病斑面积；而组合B45 B80、B45 B5423和B45 B95纹枯病病斑面积显著地高于各自的单剂；其余10个组合与各自的单剂无显著差异。     

鞘腐病发生程度与玉米倒伏及产量损失间的相关性分析

为深入探讨鞘腐病的发生对玉米倒伏及产量的影响,通过温室接种法测定了玉米不同发育阶段鞘腐病的发病程度及相关防御酶活性,以确定玉米鞘腐病的易感时期;并通过田间接种不同浓度的层出镰孢菌获得不同发病级别的玉米鞘腐病病株,于乳熟期调查病害发生程度,利用YYD-1B数显植物茎秆强度检测仪测定每株玉米茎秆的抗倒伏能力,收获后测定其产量。结果显示,玉米鞘腐病的易感时期为开花期,郑单958和浚单20在此时期鞘腐病的发病率分别为64.36%和40.22%;病情指数分别达42.73和19.58,均高于其它时期;玉米自交系OH43Ht1、郑58和杂交品种郑单958的茎秆抗倒伏能力均随着玉米鞘腐病发病级别的升高而降低;郑58和郑单958的产量随玉米鞘腐病发病级别的升高而降低,每公顷产量损失郑58从13.84%增加到29.53%、郑单958从3.99%增加到16.72%。表明玉米鞘腐病严重发生时能够降低玉米的抗倒伏能力和产量,且对自交系的影响大于杂交品种,生产中应引起高度重视。     

安徽省茶树细菌性梢枯病病原鉴定

2017年-2018年在安徽省庐江、东至县茶园种植区发现一种茶树新病害——梢枯病,发病症状表现为顶芽枯死,嫩叶叶柄变褐,叶片枯萎.为明确庐江、东至县茶树梢枯病的病原菌,采用平板划线法和稀释涂布平板法分离病原,按照柯赫氏法则对病原细菌进行致病性测定,并利用细菌的表型特征和分子生物学技术确定病原菌的分类地位.结果表明,从茶...