The use of epidemiology to enhance production animal research

The approach to understanding the impact of management and disease in production animal systems has evolved with the advent of both routine on-farm data collection and new analytic epidemiology techniques. Epidemiology provides a tool to describe the host-agent-environment triad and the impact of multiple variables on productivity and health recognized by production animal veterinarians in their day-to-day work. Field trials enable veterinarians to systematically test whether or not a new treatment improves the health of the animal populations in their geographic region and under their production systems. Hypothesis-specific coding techniques, such as hierarchical variables, are used in a systematic manner to understand well-defined biological phenomenon. Clustering at multiple levels has provided the challenges of measuring management changes in each level. Using random effects models allow us to determine the relative importance of each level on the dependent variable. As epidemiologists, we have taken advantage of analytic techniques used in other fields of science. Geo-spatial statistics has been used to understand the clustering and spread of diseases and more recently, to interpret the laboratory findings related to the introduction of an exotic strain of the influenza virus. Dr. Martin, through his work as a veterinary epidemiologist and that of people he has influenced, has been an international leader in promoting the optimal health and productivity of animal populations and of ensuring the safety of foods of animal origin and preventing animal-related disease in humans.     

硒肥对莜麦生产性能的影响

在河南省黄河滩区种植莜麦(Avena nuda)的地段上播前基施硒肥,研究硒肥(Na2SeO3·5H2O)用量在570～1143 g· hm-2时,对莜麦生产特点和生产性能的影响,探索提高莜麦生产水平的新途径,进一步丰富河南优质饲草资源.结果表明:对莜麦生产适宜的硒肥基施量为765～954 g·hm-2,基施硒肥能使莜麦的鲜干比平均降低6.69％ (P＜0.05),茎叶比平均提高10.01％ (P＜0.05),分蘖数平均提高12.50％ (P＜0.05),扬花期干草产量平均提高8.22％ (P＜0.05);另外,硒肥还能显著提高种子的千粒重,但不能提高莜麦果实产量.因此,合理基施硒肥是提高莜麦     

转变畜牧业生产方式是草原生态保护建设的有效途径

以宁夏的做法和经验为例,论述了大力提高草原生产力、完善配套政策措施、转变畜牧业生产方式是草原生态保护建设的有效途径。     

高寒地区苦荞农艺性状及生产性能评价

为探索不同地区苦荞在高寒地区的农艺性状及生产性能,采用多重比较及聚类分析法分析了7个地区13种苦荞的农艺性状及生产性能。结果表明不同地区苦荞的农艺性状及生产性能差异显著(P0.05),云苦荞2号和晋苦荞2号的农艺性状及生产性能优于其他品种;聚类分析将13个荞麦样品分成2组,在一定程度上体现了荞麦资源的道地性特征,反映了不同苦荞品种的农艺性状及生产性能与亲缘关系之间有一定的联系。     

我国蚕茧生产成本变化的实证分析

以时间和空间为维度,梳理了1991～2010年间我国蚕茧生产成本资料,从蚕茧生产成本与蚕农收益的关系、蚕茧生产成本波动及成本结构的变化、7个蚕茧主产省(区)的蚕茧生产成本比较、蚕茧与其它农作物的比较效益等方面进行实证分析。结果表明:蚕茧生产成本变化与养蚕收益的变化有密切关系;全国蚕茧生产成本在1991～2010年明显呈现出"谷—峰—谷—峰"的变化特征;蚕茧生产总成本中人工费用占比明显高于物质费用;7个蚕茧主产省(区)的蚕茧生产成本相比较,四川省的生产成本最低,陕西省最高;与其它竞争作物蔬菜、水果、棉花相比,蚕茧生产成本依旧相对较高,比较效益较低。创新省力化养蚕技术及培育高产蚕、桑新品种,提高蚕农收益,是保障蚕丝业可持续发展的关键。     

山毛豆草粉颗粒料对肉兔的饲用价值评定

为探讨山毛豆(Tephrosia candida)草粉对肉兔的饲用价值,将60只新西兰青年肉兔分为5组,分别添加0％(对照),10％,20％,30％和40％的山毛豆草粉制成全价颗粒饲料,饲喂90 d后测定各组饲料的营养成分及肉兔采食量、日增重、料重比和屠宰性能.结果表明:山毛豆营养生长期粗蛋白含量为17.77％,肉兔对山毛豆中粗蛋白的消化率为78.09％,山毛豆的可消化总养分为56.18％.与对照组相比,添加20％草粉日增重达到20.80 g·d-1(P＜0.01);料重比为4.45∶ 1(P＜0.05);屠宰率为57.78％(P＜0.01);单位kg增重平均最低饲料成本差异显著(P＜0.05).因此,添加20％山毛豆草粉制成全价颗粒饲料可显著提高肉兔的生产性能和养殖效益.     

不同氮效率紫花苜蓿叶特征及其产量效应研究

为探讨不同氮效率紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶特征差异及其对产量的影响,本研究采用田间小区试验,设4个不同氮效率紫花苜蓿品种('LW6010'、'甘农3号'、'甘农7号'和'陇东苜蓿')和2个施氮处理(0,103.5 kg·hm-2),对比研究不同氮效率紫花苜蓿的叶特征及其生产性能,并采用通径分析法探讨叶...     

双创背景下家禽生产学实验教学改革探索

在“大众创业、万众创新”的时代背景下,以“培养具有创新精神和创造能力的人才”作为指导思想,以创新创业能力培养为导向,开展家禽生产学实验教学改革,提高地方高校动物科学专业本科生的创新创业能力。对家禽生产学实验教学课程分别从教学内容、教学模式、考核方法三个方面进行优化改革,以便更好地培养高质量的双创人才。     

畜果结合生态养殖模式的研究

本研究系统探讨了果园和畜禽养殖的种养结合型生态模式,分析研究了“猪-沼-果”、“草-鸡-果”两种生态模式下的猪、鸡生产性能,畜舍空气质量以及苹果的产量和质量。研究结果表明:生态养殖模式下生长肥育猪和鸡的增重显著高于庭院养殖(P<0.05),分别提高了17.46%和29.28%;猪舍、鸡舍空气中的CO2和NH3比庭院猪舍、鸡舍显著降低(P<0.05);苹果产量比单纯果园平均分别提高28.97%和21.15%,含糖量分别相对提高6.79%和6.36%。     

Characterization of Influence of Manure Handling System and Feeding on the Level of Ammonia Release Using a Simple Method in Cow Houses

The effects of manure handling system and feeding of dairy cows were studied using a simple method to analyse the level of ammonia release in cow stables. Two ratios based on the balances of ammonia and sensible heat, and ammonia and carbon dioxide, respectively, in animal houses were determined and considered to give characteristic levels of the release of ammonia in relation to the animal density independently of the ventilation rate. This required measurements of ammonia, carbon dioxide and temperature with hand-held instruments in the buildings and in outside air. In total, 34 dairy herds were investigated in the south of Sweden. The results clearly demonstrated higher release of ammonia from free stall barn with liquid manure than from conventional tie stall barn with solid manure. There was a clear effect of the content of crude protein, gram per kg dry matter, in the total feed ration on ammonia release in tie stall barn with liquid manure.