接骨木染色体核型分析

以接骨木Sambucus williamsii Hance的根尖为材料,采用常规制片法,用Schiff’s进行孚尔根染色,对接骨木根尖生长点细胞的染色体进行观察和显微摄影。同时对接骨木进行核型分析,为其植物资源的开发,良种的选育和分类提供了细胞学方面的依据。     

Utilizing Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines (CSSLs) for Evaluation of Root Responses to Transient Moisture Stresses in Rice

Abstract

Drought and waterlogging that occur sequentially under field conditions are important abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. The ability to maintain the root system development during the contrasting moisture stresses may be one of the key traits for plant adaptation. This study aimed to identify the key root traits that contributed to the above ability by comparatively examining the effects of the two moisture stresses in succession on root system development. The chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) from the crosses between the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare and indica rice cultivar Kasalath were used for precise comparison of root system development. The rice seedlings were grown by hydroponics under a continuously well-aerated condition for 14 days (non-stressed), a drought condition for 7 days followed by an oxygen (O₂)-deficient (stagnant) condition for 7 days (drought-to-stagnant, D-S), or a stagnant condition for 7 days followed by drought condition for 7 days (stagnant-to-drought, S-D). CSSL43 and 47 did not show any significant differences in growth from Nipponbare under the non-stressed condition, but exhibited greater lateral root production under the stresses. Lateral root production was most closely related to faster seminal root elongation mediated by higher aerenchyma formation in the D-S condition, and to more branching of lateral roots on the seminal root axis in the S-D condition. The D-S condition severely affected lateral root production due to reduced seminal root elongation and aerenchyma formation. These results confirmed the fact that those root traits previously identified using different cultivars greatly contribute to plant adaptation. Oxygen deficiency preceded by drought (D-S) was more stressful to roots than drought preceded by O₂ deficiency (S-D), because drought reduced root aerenchyma formation during the subsequent stagnant condition.     

南麦号系列小麦品种的染色体结构演变

为了明确南麦号系列小麦品种及其亲本的染色体结构特点,用4种寡核苷酸探针和非变性荧光原位杂交(ND-FISH)技术对南麦号小麦品种及其亲本的染色体进行了分析。结果表明,亲本攀早抗含1RS/1BL易位染色体,它的4个衍生品种中3个含1RS/1BL易位染色体。寡核苷酸探针Oligo-275.1、Oligo-275.2、Oligo-pSc119.2-1和Oligo-pTa535-1反映出了2A、4A、5A、6A、7A、3B、5B、6B、1D和2D染色体在攀早抗及其衍生品种间的结构差异。根据Oligo-275.1和Oligo-275.2的信号模式,推测7A染色体在南麦302、特研麦南88和荣春南麦1号中的重组情况不同。     

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Drought Tolerant and Susceptible Rice Genotypes Using Microsatellite Markers

The introgression of wild chromosomal segments into popular rice varieties is one of the potential approaches for developing varieties for drought stress condition. Sixteen genotypes, including nine indica, two tropical japonica and five chromosome segments substitution lines(CSSLs) with different levels of tolerance/susceptibility to drought stress, were selected for diversity study. Sixty-three microsatellite markers were utilized for assessing genetic diversity. A total of 95 alleles were amplified, and out of them, 60 were polymorphic. Six unique alleles, amplified by the microsatellite loci RM276, RM472,RM488, RM537, RM541 and RM28089, were identified in six genotypes, namely FR13A, Brahamanakhi,RUF44, Swarna-sub1, Brahamanakhi and Satyabhama. The highest genetic similarity was found among CSSLs. Polymorphism information content(PIC) value varied from 0 to 1.00 with an average of 0.66 per locus. Twenty-eight microsatellites were found to be polymorphic, which could be used in marker-assisted selection programme. All the sixteen genotypes were grouped into two major clusters at genetic similarity of 0.64. In the cluster I, five CSSLs identified as diverse genotypes had wild ancestor segments responsible for drought tolerance, and hence they could be utilized as potential donors. The popular Indian varieties, Swarna-sub1 and IR64-sub1, could be used as recurrent parents in the future breeding program for developing varieties for abiotic stresses such as submergence and drought.     

基于寡核苷酸探针套painting的中国春非整倍体高清核型及应用

基于寡核苷酸探针套painting的染色体鉴定技术简单、经济和高效, 可以促进小麦品种及亲缘物种染色体识别和变异体鉴定, 提高染色体工程效率。我们前期开发了寡核苷酸探针套, 包含pAs1-1、pAs1-3、AFA-4、(GAA)₁₀和pSc119.2-1共5个探针。本研究通过一次荧光原位杂交(FISH), 对源于17个非整倍体的18份材料分析发现, 其中14个染色体组成正确, 可以清晰识别相应的缺体、四体和端体。还构建了基于寡核苷酸探针套涂染的、能准确识别3个基因组和7个部分同源群染色体的高清核型, 发现4个非整倍体发生变异, 其中从N5BT5D中鉴定出一个可能的小片段相互易位系T6AS·6AL-6DL和T6DS·6DL-6AL。进一步对7个地方品种、10个栽培品种(系)和1个人工合成小麦分析, 发现15条染色体存在多态性, 涉及6条B组(除4B)、5条A组(除1A和3A)和4条D组(1D、2D、4D和7D)染色体, 可以清晰识别我国小麦生产上广泛应用的3种易位类型(T1RS·1BL、T6VS·6AL及相互易位T1RS·7DL和T7DS·1BL), 省去了基因组原位杂交(GISH)程序。另外, 对5个亲缘物种分析发现, 该探针套可以识别栽培一粒小麦、硬粒小麦Langdon、荆州黑麦、长穗偃麦草(2n=2x=14)全部和中间偃麦草30条染色体, 并构建了这5个物种的核型。本研究结果证实该寡核苷酸探针套可以有效用于小麦及亲缘物种染色体鉴定, 高清晰的中国春非整倍体核型为小麦染色体工程提供了参考标准。     

黑果枸杞染色体核型分析

采用染色体常规制片法,结合显微摄影技术对黑果枸杞染色体进行检测分析,结果表明:黑果枸杞染色体数为2n=24,核型公式是2n=24=20m 2sm 2m(sat),全组染色体总长度为86.88 μm,长臂总长49.44 μm,核型不对称系数(AS.K%)为56.9%,总体积为127.58 μm3.     

在继代培养中贡蕉胚性悬浮细胞的分化能力和染色体数目的变化

将贡蕉[Musa acuminata cv.Mas(AA)]胚性悬浮细胞通过不同时间的培养后,对其体胚发生能力和染色体数目进行了分析。结果表明,随着培养时间的延长,贡蕉胚性悬浮细胞的体胚发生能力下降,继代培养1.5a的悬浮细胞体胚发生能力为1.76×104个/mLPCV(packed cell volume,细胞密实体积)胚性悬浮细胞,继代培养3a后下降到0.85×104个/mL PCV胚性悬浮细胞。整个胚性细胞悬浮系为混倍体,细胞的染色体数目变化从3个到70个不等,既有含染色体数目为整倍体的细胞,也含有大量染色体数目为非整倍体的细胞;继代培养1.5a时,含正常二倍体染色体数目的细胞比例为15.8%,继代培养3.0a时下降到9.7%。     

四倍体小麦矮杆地方品种的C带分析

矮杆番麦是四倍体小麦地方品种罕见的矮杆种质,采用改主的Ｃ带技术对基尖细胞染色体进行了分析,矮杆番麦体细胞具１４对染色体,染色体组型ＡＡＢＢ。非同源染色体之间,带的数目,大小,强弱及分布情况各异,根据其特殊的带型,容易将筹杆番麦的单条染色体及分开,据此认为Ｃ带可作为矮杆番麦染色体的细胞学标记,矮杆番麦的带型与原始类型的野生二粒小麦相似,表明其基因未发生过大的染色体重排,因此,矮杆番麦的矮杆性状不是由     

春小麦中7902单体系统的育成和鉴定

中7902是中国农业科学院作物所近年育成的春小麦新品系,综合性状好,目前正在河南、河北、山东等省推广种植。本研究选用中国春单体系统为母本,于1982年开始中7902单体系统的转育,设重复系。经8个世代的选育,于1985年夏已转育成功。在 BC_2和 BC_4代,用中国春重双端体系统作父本与转育的中7902单体系统测交,测交 F_1经根尖染色     

中国赖草[Leymus chinensis（Trin）Tzval]与普通小麦（T. aestivum L.）杂交及其后代小 - 赖麦（Triticum - Leymus）的研究

中国赖草（Leymus chinensis）为中国特有,用它与普通小麦（T. aestivum）杂交并经连续选育已获得小 - 赖麦（Triticum-Leymus）新种质7个品系,主要特点是高蛋白质、高赖氨酸含量和抗条锈、叶锈及白粉病。细胞学研究结果：F#-2时在1个完整细胞内只有1,2,3,4,6……等少数染色体,还有大环、长链、桥、落后染色体等异常现象。1987年观察了大量花粉母细胞（13892个）及根尖细胞（435个）染色体,从中筛选出7个品系,其2n=43 - 49者占75.63%,其中n = 22Ⅱ和2n = 49各占90%以上者各有2个品系。叶片酯酶同工酶分析结果表明杂种品系具有双亲互补酶带。