Comparison of chitosans with different molecular weights as possible wood preservatives

Fungi cause serious problems in wood utilization, and environmentally benign wood protection is required as an alternative to traditional chemicals. Chitosan has shown promising antimicrobial properties against several microorganisms. In this study, we present the characterization of and antifungal properties of a commercial chitosan formulation developed for impregnation of wood. A broad range of chemical and mycological methods were used to evaluate the uptake, fixation, and antifungal properties of chitosan for wood preservation. The results show that the higher the uptake of chitosan the lower the relative recovery of chitosan in wood after leaching, and the higher the molecular weight of chitosan the higher the recovery. Chitosan with high molecular weight proved to be more efficient against decay fungi than chitosan with low molecular weight. The fungi tested on chitosan-amended nutrient agar medium were totally inhibited at 1% (w/v) concentration. In decay studies using small wood blocks, 4.8% (w/v) chitosan concentration gave the best protection against brown rot fungi.     

CMC-Na负载ε-PL/黄芩黄酮总苷元缓释保鲜涂膜研制

以中草药黄芩中的黄酮苷元类成分、聚赖氨酸、壳聚糖以及羧甲基纤维素钠为原料制备复合缓释保鲜涂膜,以期延长黄瓜的贮藏期。以黄瓜烂果率、失重率、V_C含量为主要新鲜度指标,基于单因素实验结果,选取三个影响显著的因素,采用响应面法优化复合缓释保鲜涂膜配方,以黄瓜感官评价为响应值进行保鲜研究,得出缓释保鲜膜的最佳配方为：黄芩黄酮总苷元浓度0.57%,壳聚糖浓度0.92%,CMC-Na浓度1.47%,聚赖氨酸浓度6%;用制备的最佳配方缓释保鲜膜在温度25℃、相对湿度65%条件下保鲜黄瓜达16d,对黄瓜烂果率、失重率的增长速度以及V_C含量的减少速度起到一定程度的减缓作用。所研制的复合缓释保鲜膜配方能够作为黄瓜贮藏保鲜的技术参考。     

壳聚糖在水果贮藏保鲜中的应用研究

本文首先介绍了壳聚糖的理化性质及生理功能,壳聚糖具有很好的气调性、保湿性和抑菌性,这些性质使得壳聚糖适宜作为水果保鲜剂,目前已被广泛应用在食品行业;然后讨论了壳聚糖的保鲜机理,在此基础上,进一步对壳聚糖膜保鲜水果的应用进行了分类介绍。     

壳聚糖对悬浮种衣剂理化指标改变与持效期关联的研究

研究将壳聚糖分别按照0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的用量加入18.6%拌＆#183;福＆#183;乙悬浮种衣剂中,测定其成膜时间、包衣均匀度、包衣脱落率、包衣覆盖率、种子表面药剂浸水脱落率等理化指标,通过田间药效试验,探索壳聚糖悬浮种衣剂混配药剂拌种,达到延长药效的最佳途径。结果表明：通过对悬浮种衣剂的理化指标的测试分析,壳聚糖能明显的改善指标性质,成膜时间和包衣脱落率均高于现用悬浮种衣剂,提高药剂在种子表面附着率。研究结论：壳聚糖通过改变悬浮种衣剂理化性能来影响有效成分释放,在成膜时间和剂量的释放上得到了明显的控制,使原药的功效得到明显的提高,悬浮种衣剂的持效期延长,减少农药的使用剂量,保护环境。     

壳聚糖-铜杀菌剂的合成工艺及其Cu^2＋的解吸性能研究

[目的]利用壳聚糖开发载体化铜制剂,既可避免铜离子浓度过高的药害,又可以延长药效期.[方法]探讨了壳聚糖对Cu^2＋吸附量的影响因素,最佳条件下合成壳聚糖-铜杀菌剂,研究其在水中Cu^2＋的释放动力学.[结果] CTS-Cu的最佳合成工艺：硫酸铜浓度20g/L,壳聚糖、硫酸铜质量体积比为1/40,反应温度40℃,吸附时间90 min.载铜壳聚糖在水中Cu^2＋的释放量随时间的延长而增加,8h即可达到较高浓度,在36 h后基本达到稳定释放.[结论]为其农业生产应用奠定基础.     

壳寡糖衍生物对烟草花叶病的田间防效试验

测定了壳寡糖、宁南霉素、水杨醛壳寡糖希夫碱、5-溴水杨醛壳寡糖希夫碱、水杨醛壳寡糖希夫碱膦酸酯、5-溴水杨醛壳寡糖希夫碱膦酸酯对烟草花叶病的抑制效果,结果表明:这些药剂对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)均具有一定的诱导抗病效应,其中以5-溴壳寡糖希夫碱膦酸酯药剂的防治效果较好。     

从臭蜣螂中提取甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究

甲壳素作为自然界中产量仅次于纤维素的第二大生物资源 ,近年来其开发和应用日益受到重视 ,但目前甲壳素的生产原料来源有限 ,生产成本较高。而昆虫是世界上最大的优势动物种类 ,昆虫的总生物量超过了地球上所有动物总生物量 ;但被人类利用的昆虫资源却很少。昆虫是当今地球上未被利用的最大生物资源 ,特别是昆虫的甲壳素资源尚未开发。鉴于目前对于昆虫甲壳素资源的开发尚在尝试阶段 ,本文以臭蜣螂为材料 ,进行了提取甲壳素和壳聚糖的工艺以及其理化特性研究。研究发现 ,臭蜣螂体中甲壳素含量高出目前甲壳素生产常规原料虾蟹壳数倍 ,且从其体中提取的甲壳素与壳聚糖的品质在残留灰分、粘度和色泽等方面优于虾蟹壳。并以单因素试验方法进行了提取甲壳素和壳聚糖提取工艺的研究 ,提出了从臭蜣螂中提取甲壳素和壳聚糖的提取工艺 :①脱矿物质 :用 0 8mol·L- 1 HCl预先 70℃加热 30min ,然后室温条件下浸泡 12h ;②脱蛋白质、脂类 :用 2 0～ 2 5mol·L- 1 NaOH ,在 90～ 10 0℃条件下 ,处理 4～ 5h ;③脱乙酰基 :用 10 0 0～ 11 2 5mol·L- 1 NaOH ,在 130℃条件下 ,处理 3h。     

Combined effects of sodium chlorite dip treatment and chitosan coatings on the quality of fresh-cut d’Anjou pears

This study evaluated the effects of sodium chlorite (SC) alone and its sequential treatment with edible coatings on browning inhibition and quality maintenance of fresh-cut d’Anjou pears. Edible coatings were prepared from chitosan (CH) and its water-soluble derivative carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH), separately. Pear wedges were immersed in SC solution, followed by coating with CH or CMCH solutions. The samples were packed in unsealed bags and stored at 4 °C for subsequent color, firmness, and weight loss measurement. The effects of the SC and coating treatments on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibition and microbial inactivation were also evaluated. Results indicated that SC exhibited significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of browning and PPO activity. The SC treatment was also strongly effective in inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 on pear slices. Coating SC-treated pear slices with CH adversely affected the quality of pear slices by accelerating the discoloration of cut surfaces and increasing the PPO activity. On the contrary, coating SC-treated samples with CMCH significantly prevented the browning reaction and inhibited PPO activity. In addition, SC and CH/CMCH coatings maintained tissue firmness and did not affect weight loss. Our study may provide a scientific basis for the use of SC + CMCH treatment as an alternative preservation treatment for fresh-cut fruits and vegetables.     

采前喷施壳聚糖和高良姜溶液对龙眼采后耐贮性的影响

在采收前1周和1d进行不同浓度的壳聚糖和高良姜溶液处理龙眼果实,以探讨它们对龙眼采后生理的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖和高良姜溶液均能显著降低贮藏期间果实失重率和烂果率,减缓了贮藏期间果实可溶性固形物和总糖的下降,提高贮藏期间果皮、果肉的SOD酶活性,降低了果皮、果肉的MDA含量。两者相比,高良姜溶液的效果略高于壳聚糖,高浓度处理高于低浓度处理。     

不同浓度壳聚糖对杏鲍菇菌丝体生长代谢的影响

以杏鲍菇为材料,探讨不同浓度壳聚糖对菌丝体生长代谢的影响,结果表明:不同浓度壳聚糖对杏鲍菇菌丝体的生长代谢均具有促进作用,但随着添加的壳聚糖浓度的不同而有所不同。其中,以0.083 mg/ml壳聚糖的促进作用最为明显,可以使菌丝体干重增加14.96%,蛋白质含量增加17.58%,核酸含量增加15.70%;0.083 mg/ml壳聚糖对酯酶同工酶增强作用最明显,0.125和0.063 mg/ml壳聚糖的影响次之,0.05 mg/ml壳聚糖的影响不明显。