Identification of diverse germplasm lines for agronomic traits in a chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) core collection for use in crop improvement

Utilization of exotic and diverse germplasm is needed to enhance the genetic diversity of cultivars. Genetically diverse lines provide ample opportunity to create favorable gene combinations, and the probability of producing a unique genotype increases in proportion to the number of genes by which the parents differ. Representative core collections (10% of the entire collection) have been suggested as a means to identify useful parents for crop improvement programs. The chickpea core collection (1956 accessions) was evaluated for 14 agronomic traits in two seasons to identify diverse agronomically superior chickpea germplasm. Season (year) and genotypic effects were significant for 13 of the 14 traits, while genotype × season effect was significant for 8 traits. The desi, kabuli, and intermediate type chickpeas differed significantly for days to maturity, basal secondary branches, pods per plant, seed yield, and 100-seed weight. In comparison to controls, 12 accessions flowered early, 15 produced greater seed yield, and 29 had greater 100-seed weight. Based on days to 50% flowering, pods per plant, seed yield, and 100-seed weight, 19 desi, 15 kabuli and 5 intermediate type chickpea germplasm lines originating from 10 countries were selected. The selected desi accessions produced 8.5% more seed yield and had 32% larger seeds than the control cultivar Annigeri while the selected kabuli accessions yielded at par with control L 550 but had 84% larger seeds. The 39 selected accessions and two control cultivars (Annigeri and L 550) were grouped by their first five principal components (PCs) into three clusters. Cluster 1 consisted of early maturing large-seeded kabuli types, cluster 2 early and late maturing desi types, and cluster 3 late maturing intermediate and kabuli types. Clusters 2 and 3 accessions had small to medium sized seeds. These accessions can be used in chickpea breeding programs to develop high yielding desi and kabuli cultivars with a broad genetic base.     

Crop improvement and root rot suppression by seed bacterization in chickpea

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted at the Regional Research Station, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Bawal, India, to evaluate the contribution of different bioinoculants in terms of nodule number, nodule biomass, root rot incidence and seed yield in chickpea. Nodule number and biomass were positively affected by the application of bioinoculants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone or in combination with bioinoculants reduced plant mortality and increased seed yield of the crop. Seed yield at 50% fertilizer dose (RF) plus all the three inoculants was at a maximum during all the three years of experimentation.     

间作及伴随阴离子肥料对油菜吸收积累镉的影响

为提高Cd污染土壤植物修复效率, 采用盆栽方法研究了Cd含量为10.0 mg·kg^-1的土壤中, 伴随阴离子肥料和间作鹰嘴豆对油菜生长与吸收积累Cd的影响。结果表明: 单作下, 不同肥料处理土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量为Cl^->NO₃^->SO₄^2- >无伴随阴离子; 间作鹰嘴豆提高土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量, 且伴随C₁^-、SO₄^2- 或NO₃^- 条件下达显著水平。单作下, 油菜主根长为NO₃^- >C₁^- >SO₄^2- >无伴随阴离子, 根系体积为SO₄^2->NO₃^- >C₁^- >无伴随阴离子, 根系活力NO3 >SO42 >Cl >无伴随阴离子; 间作鹰嘴豆在无肥处理下可显著提高油菜的主根长与根系体积, 在无肥处理、SO₄^2- 、NO₃^- 处理下显著提高根系活力。单作下, 油菜地上部Cd含量表现为C₁^- >SO₄^2- >NO₃^- >无伴随阴离子, 间作鹰嘴豆可显著降低无肥处理地上部Cd含量, 但显著提高施肥处理地上部的Cd含量。单作下, 施肥可显著增加油菜的Cd积累总量, 以伴随C₁^-处理最大, 达470.4 μg·plant^-1; 间作鹰嘴豆也可提高油菜的Cd积累总量, 且伴随C₁^- 处理最大, 达783.7 μg·plant^-1。除伴随C₁^- 处理外, 施肥处理均可显著提高油菜的Cd转移系数, 施肥处理的Cd转移系数均大于1; 间作鹰嘴豆也可提高油菜的Cd转移系数, 且施肥条件下达显著水平。因此, 如果把油菜用作Cd污染土壤植物修复作物, 可选择施用含Cl 肥料和间作鹰嘴豆, 以提高修复效率。     

Nitrogen dynamics and crop growth on an Alfisol and a Vertisol under a direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice-based system

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) followed by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) or a fallow is one of the predominant cropping systems in the rainfed lowlands of India. Crop rotation experiments over 3 years (1996–1998) to quantify N supply and demand under rainfed lowland rice–chickpea and rice–fallow cropping systems on a loam Alfisol and a clay Vertisol in Raipur, India were conducted under direct-seeded rice culture. The rice growth, yield, development and N accumulation were affected most by N rates (0, 40, 80, 120 kg ha⁻¹) followed by cropping system (rice–chickpea, rice–fallow) and soil types (Alfisol, Vertisol). The incorporation of chickpea in the cropping system helped in accumulating a greater amount of soil N than fallow. The rice yield, dry matter and N accumulated were significantly higher in rice–chickpea than rice–fallow systems on both soils and in all years. The lowest rice yields were recorded in 1997 due to unfavorable rainfall distribution. The total rainfall was the highest in this season, but most of it occurred during a short period at an early growth stage. The post-heading rains were lowest in this season and resulted in the lower rice yield as compared with that of 1996 and 1998. This indicates the significance of rainfall distribution in controlling yield in a rainfed environment. The rice yields were lower on Vertisol than Alfisol during periods of drought. The performance of chickpea was also better in Alfisol as compared with that in the Vertisol due to its better soil physical attributes. The residual effect of N applied to the preceding rice crop was non-significant on all yield, growth and N accumulation parameters of chickpea. The N balance computed from the top 70 cm soil layers indicated less N loss in the rice–chickpea system as compared with that in rice–fallow. The recovery efficiency at the highest N rate (120 kg N ha⁻¹) was higher for the rice–chickpea (57–61%) than that of rice–fallow (49–53%) system. The improved N balance for rice–chickpea system from third year onwards was due to switch to dry seeding and improved soil N status. The inclusion of legume and the effective capture of biologically fixed N and soil N through direct-seeded rice system in rainfed lowlands may help in improving the rice yield of resource poor farmers.     

复合酶法提取鹰嘴豆膳食纤维的工艺研究

[目的]研究从鹰嘴豆中提取水不溶性膳食纤维的工艺方法,为今后工业化生产提供有效的基础数据。[方法]采用酶碱法提取鹰嘴豆水不溶性膳食纤维,主要考察的4个因素为:α-淀粉酶浓度、中性蛋白酶浓度、Na OH浓度以及浸泡时间,并通过正交试验对4个因素的水平进行了优化处理。[结果]通过正交试验提取鹰嘴豆水不溶性膳食纤维并计算产率,得出酶法提取鹰嘴豆水不溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取工艺参数为:α-淀粉酶浓度1.0%,中性蛋白酶浓度0.5%,Na OH浓度为3.0%,浸泡时间80 min,此时提取的鹰嘴豆水不溶性膳食纤维产率最高,为29.86%。[结论]用复合酶法提取鹰嘴豆膳食纤维大大提高了膳食纤维的提取率。     

鹰嘴豆种质资源多样性评价〖FQ(+27mm\.163mm,X-W〗〖HT4〗〖CD43mm〗

以151份鹰嘴豆种质资源为材料,采用主成分分析、相关分析及聚类分析方法,对151份材料5个表型性状和5个产量相关因子的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,多样性指数最高的是百粒质量,其次是粒型;性状变异系数最大的是株型,其次是单株粒数。主成分分析表明,主要信息集中在6个主成分,其累计贡献率达84.48%;10个性状两两之间存在显著或极显著相关,其中单株荚数与株高、粒色、株型及百粒质量4个性状间呈显著或极显著相关;聚类分析结果表明,151份材料在欧氏距离1.059 2处划分为4类,第1类百粒质量最大,即籽粒较大;第2类株高最高,产量居中;第3类各性状都相对居中;第4类株高最低,单株荚数和单株粒数最大。本研究结果将为育种人员选配杂交组合,亲本选配、杂种优势利用等提供亲缘关系远近数据支撑。     

Management of chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) through Nuclear Polyhedral Virus isolates

Investigations were carried out on Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV) isolates collected from different parts of India to study their genetic diversity through molecular characterization and their assessment in the IPM of Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea under field conditions. Variations were found in the DNA profiling of different HaNPV isolates. The similarity matrix relating the different isolates showed similarity co-efficients ranging from 0.38 to 0.82. The highest genetic similarity index of 0.82 was seen between the isolates from Raichur and Guntur followed by 0.77 between the isolates from Coimbatore and Raichur. Field evaluation of different HaNPV isolates against H. armigera in the chickpea ecosystem at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka for 2 years revealed that the performance of the Gulbarga and Coimbatore isolates was better than that of others in terms of their ability to cause greater larval mortality of H. armigera with a greater yield of chickpea. The Incremental Benefit Cost Ratio was highest with the Gulbarga (2.88) and Coimbatore (2.83) isolates, followed by the Dharwad isolate (2.39). This research paper was presented in the 2nd conference on precision crop protection held at the University of Bonn, Germany during 10–12th October 2007.     

6个高产优质鹰嘴豆品种的抗旱性评价

对引进的6个性状优良的短期兼用绿肥鹰嘴豆品种进行抗旱性鉴定,对各抗旱指标测定值用模糊数学隶属度的公式进行定量转换,用每个品种各项指标隶属度的平均值来评价其抗旱性。结果表明,FLIP95-68为典型的抗旱品种,FLIP94-80C、FLIP94-93为抗旱品种,FLIP95-13C、FLIP95-11、FLIP95-45为较抗旱品种。     

Cold tolerance during early reproductive growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): genetic variation in gamete development and function

Chilling temperatures at flowering cause floral abortion in most chickpea cultivars. Recent evaluations of germplasm showed distinct genotypic differences in pod and seed set at low temperature but the morpho-physiological basis for such variation is unclear. Observations in the field during cold spells of December and January, and at 15/5°C and 15/0°C (day/night) regimes in growth rooms showed distinct genetic variation in flower morphology, gamete development (viability and size of pollen and ovules) and function (pollen germination and tube growth, ovule viability and fertilization, etc.). The greater pod-setting ability of tolerant lines (ICCVs 88502 and 88503) than the sensitive cultivars (Annigeri, Pant G 114, etc.) was associated with a higher pollen vigour (germination and tube growth) and ovule viability at low temperature in the former. The number of ovules was not affected by cold stress in all cultivars/lines but pollen size and viability were reduced in Annigeri. The reduced ovule fertilization, associated with decline in pollen tube growth and ovule viability, was the major cause for poor seed set at low temperatures. The magnitude of effects on gamete function varied with cultivar/line and severity of stress. Function of both pollen and ovules was adversely affected in Annigeri in 15/5° and 15/0°C regimes. In contrast, the reduction in pollen vigour was more than in ovule viability in ICCV 88510 and Pant G 114 at 15/5°C. At 15/0°C, however, both pollen vigour and ovule viability were reduced. A small increase in pod set of sensitive genotypes from manual pollinations with pollen from plants in the warm regime further suggested that pollen function was more adversely affected than pistil function at moderately low temperatures.     

Cassava-legume intercrop: II. Effects of relative planting dates of legumes on the productivity of legumes

ABSTRACT

The degree of complementarity vis-à-vis competition amongst the component crops, which is influenced by their relative planting dates, may affect the productivity of intercrop systems. This study assessed the effect of the relative planting dates of legumes on yield and yield components of three legume species. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive years at two sites with contrasting soil types. Grain yield and yield components were determined at harvest maturity. A 4-weeks delay in incorporating legumes caused total yield loss of cowpea at both sites, decreased chickpea yield by 82% at the clay soil site, and led to negligible yield of Bambara groundnut in loamy sand soil. In contrast, sowing legumes 2 weeks after cassava decreased grain yield of cowpea (both sites), chickpea (clay soil) and Bambara groundnut (loamy sand soil). Intercropping decreased grain yield of chickpea (year 1) and Bambara (year 2) at the clay and loamy sand soil sites, respectively, but had no effect on cowpea yield. Although planting the legumes same time with cassava gave the highest grain yield, we suggest more studies, including sowing the legumes prior to planting cassava, before making categorical recommendations.