玉米灰斑病菌与不同品种玉米互作后果胶酶活性的变化

为了明确果胶酶在玉米灰斑病菌与寄主互作中所起的作用,采用比色法测定了玉米灰斑病菌0609菌株与不同抗性玉米品种互作3代后,再分离菌胞内和胞外果胶酶[果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）、果胶甲基反式消除酶（PMTE）]活性并分析其变化。结果表明,同一种酶、同一互作寄主、同一互作代数,胞外酶活性高于胞内酶,说明果胶酶（PMG和 PMTE）主要以胞外酶形式起作用;互作单代,再分离菌果胶酶活性的变化均与寄主的抗感性无密切关系;与对照原菌株0609比较,再分离菌PMTE活性的变化趋势是第1次互作后大部分升高,而第2、3次互作后则均降低;对于同一互作品种,PMG活性总体上随互作代数增加而升高,PMTE活性表现为第1次互作后明显高于第2次和第3次互作,第2次和第3次互作间酶活性差异不显著,说明病菌与同一寄主连续互作后,其致病性将发生改变。     

Introgression of disease resistance genes from Arachis kempff-mercadoi into cultivated groundnut

Arachis kempff‐mercadoi is a wild species from the section Arachis. All kempff‐mercadoi accessions originate from the Santa Cruz province of Bolivia and they represent Arachis species with the A genome. From molecular analysis it was found that although cultivated A. hypogaea is made up of A and B genomes, A. kempff‐mercadoi may not be as closely related to it as are some of the other A genome species. Arachis kempff‐mercadoi is of interest because it has multiple disease resistance. It was crossed with a Spanish A. hypogaea cultivar which is susceptible to foliar diseases and to the insect pest Spodoptera litura. The success rate of the cross A. hypogaea (2n = 40) ×A. kempff‐mercadoi (2n = 20) was very low, but it could be increased by culturing immature seeds in vitro. Although the hybrids were triploids, a few fertile pollen grains were obtained due to the formation of restitution nuclei in the F₁ plants. Interspecific derivatives at the BC₂F₂ generation were scored for early leaf spot, late leaf spot and to Spodoptera damage. Screening results showed that 29% of the derivatives had both early and late leaf spot resistance and that less than 5% of the derivatives had resistance to both the foliar diseases and to Spodoptera.     

Cytology and leafspot resistance in Arachis hypogaea x wild species hybrids

Summary Introgression of germplasm from diploid wild Arachis species to A. hypogaea has great potential for improving pest resistance in cultivated peanuts. This investigation evaluated methods for incorporating exotic germplasm into cultivated peanuts, especially for Cercospora arachidicola Hori resistance. Interspecific hybrids between A. hypogaea (cvs. NC 2 and NC 5) and the wild species A. cardenasii Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. and A. chacoense Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. were analyzed cytologically and for leafspot resistance. All F₁ hybrids were sterile, had irregular meiosis, and very few multivalents. They were highly resistant to C. arachidicola in field tests and had a 10-fold reduction of conidia per lesion in the greenhouse as compared to A. hypogaea cultivars. After colchicine treatments of F₁ hybrids, hexaploids (2n=60) and aneuploids (2n=54, 56, 63) were observed. The hexaploids had up to 18 univalents per pollen mother cell and very few multivalents, indicating a low frequency of intergenomic chromosome pairing. For C. arachidicola resistance, significant differences were not found among wild species parents, F₁ hybrids and two generations of hexaploids. Most hexaploids were stable at 2n=60 and embryos aborted when backcrosses with the respective wild species were attempted. However, when hexaploids were backcrossed to A. hypogaea, several fertile pentaploid (2n=50) offspring were obtained. Use of self-pollinating pentaploids is believed to be the quickest method to recover 40-chromosome hybrid derivatives in these hybrids.     

Utilizing Arachis cardenasii as a source of Cercospora leafspot resistance for peanut improvement

Summary Advanced generation 40-chromosome hybrids between A. hypogaea (2n=4x=40) and a wild diploid species. A. cardenasii were evaluated for early leafspot, Cercospora arachidicola resistance and agronomic potential. The objective of this investigation was to determine if early leafspot resistance derived from a wild species could be incorporated into the A. hypogaea genome. Interspecific hybrid selections were made and then compared in the field and greenhouse to susceptible cultivars and to A. hypogaea lines which are reported to be resistant to early leafspot. Significantly higher levels of resistance were found in five hybrid selections than in cultivated lines based on numbers of lesions per leaf. In a greenhouse study, several hybrid selections also had greatly reduced sporulation from lesions as compared to A. hypogaea. Several mechanisms of resistance are believed to be present. Although hybrid selections had small seeds and low yields as compared to A. hypogaea, a new and valuable source of early leafspot resistance derived from the species A. cardenasii is present.Paper no. 8814 of the journal series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695. This research was partially funded by AID-Peanut CRSP grant DAN-4048-G-SS-2065-00.     

辣椒褐斑病菌分生孢子产生条件初探

 The sporulation conditions of Cercospora capsici were tested with physical and chemical methods. Conventional and particular media, ultraviolet radiation and different treatments on mycelia suspension were applied and studied. It was found that C. capsici could produce conidia in the media of corn leaf powder agar and pepper leaf powder agar. The numbers of conidia produced in the two kinds of botanical media were 24 000 and 35 000 spores/mL, respectively. Compared with those isolated from the leaves, the conidia produced in the botanical media were more slender and pointed in morphology.     

大豆紫斑病菌毒素研究

 大豆紫斑病菌(Cercospora Kikuchii Matsumoto and Tomoyasu)可产生一种非专化毒素——尾孢毒素(Cercosporin),它是大豆紫斑病致病的重要因子。该菌PDA培养物经乙醇浸提、脱水磷酸氢钙柱层析可得一定纯度尾孢毒素。本文分析了该毒素紫外可见光谱吸收与高效液相(HPLC)鉴定结果。生物活性测试表明,该毒素具有明显的光敏致毒活性。     

广西香蕉主要叶斑病菌拮抗微生物的分离筛选

从不同作物根际土壤中分离得到微生物菌株1223株。以香蕉叶斑病5种病原菌为靶标进行的拮抗菌筛选结果显示,香蕉尾孢的拮抗菌检出率(39.3%)最低。在以香蕉尾孢为指示菌的筛选中发现,放线菌中拮抗性菌株的出现率(33.3%)明显高于细菌(14.9%),不同类别作物中以香蕉根围拮抗性菌株的出现率(23.3%)最高。筛选到的拮抗细菌B106菌株和拮抗放线菌St1607菌株连续移植6次,对香蕉尾孢的抑菌力均保持稳定。2株拮抗菌除对香蕉叶斑病菌具较高抑菌活性外,对其余11种植物病原菌均表现不同程度的抑制效果。     

广州附近的草莓病害

 草莓在广州附近的主要病害为轮斑病(Phomopsis obscurans)、灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)、灰斑病(Cercospora fagarina sp.nov.)、叶霉病(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、基腐病(Rhizoctonia solani)、软腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer,R.sexualis)和褐斑病(Pestalotiopsis adusta)等7种,尤以第一、二种危害严重,Cercospora fragarina是个新种,Rhizopus sexualis是国内新纪录,草莓在广州附近虽试种成功,今后扩大栽培,不可不注意病害的防治。     

豇豆叶霉病菌分生孢子萌发条件初探

研究证明:豇豆叶霉病菌即菜豆尾孢(Cercospora cruenia Sacc)的分生孢子只能在水膜中萌发;病斑上的分生孢子的再生能力很强,保温保湿4h就可形成分生孢子,且2～3d后产孢率达到最高峰;病叶上的部分分生孢子在干燥条件下可存活400多d,是下一生长季节的初侵染源之一;分生孢子在保湿保温(28℃)8h后萌发率达94％;在充分保湿条件下,分生孢子在5～40℃范围内都能萌发,以25～28℃最为适宜;分生孢子在pH2～pH11的0.1mol·L~(-1)磷酸缓冲液中皆能萌发,以pH5·5为最佳;不同的光照处理即连续光照(100 lx荧光24h)、连续黑暗(24h)、先光照后黑暗(12h/12h)、先黑暗后光照(12h/12h)等条件下,孢子萌发率和芽管长度都无显著差异(P=0.05)。在供试的11种杀菌剂中,65％代森锌和瑞锌合剂(65％代森锌:25％瑞毒霉=3:1)的500倍和1000倍液对孢子萌发和芽管生长都有显著的抑制作用(P=0.05)。     

不同品种甜菜褐斑病抗性分析及早期鉴定方法

采用人工病圃和自然病田同步进行抗褐斑病性鉴定筛选,初步试验结果表明,甜菜品种的含糖率随着抗病性的增强而明显提高,凡抗褐斑病品系材料,综合性状表现也较好。通过3期播种试验,植株生长至2～4对真叶期接种鉴定抗褐斑病性与田间成株鉴定结果相同,可以作为田间鉴定育种新材料的一种简便易行的方法。玛纳斯人工接种的最佳时间7月中下旬接种效果较理想,这为解决干旱地区抗病品种筛选鉴定提供了一条途径。利用甜菜褐斑病尾孢毒素粗提液对甜菜种子胚根生长的抑制作用,鉴定不同品种的抗病性,试验结果显示,各品种抗性结果与人工接种及自然病田抗性鉴定结果有一致性。试验表明采用早期鉴定方法,方法准确,可行性高,可以提高育种效率,有效缩短抗褐斑病育种进程。