Identification of the G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates from Michigan,United States

BACKGROUND: Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the most serious foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide. Disease control is mainly achieved by timely fungicide applications. In 2011, CLS control failures were reported in spite of application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in several counties in Michigan, United States. The purpose of this study was to confirm the resistant phenotype and identify the molecular basis for QoI resistance of Michigan C. beticola isolates. RESULTS: Isolates collected in Michigan in 1998 and 1999 that had no previous exposure to the QoI fungicides trifloxystrobin or pyraclostrobin exhibited QoI EC₅₀ values of ?0.006 µg mL^?1. In contrast, all isolates obtained in 2011 exhibited EC₅₀ values of > 0.92 µg mL^?1 to both fungicides and harbored a mutation in cytochrome b (cytb) that led to an amino acid exchange from glycine to alanine at position 143 (G143A) compared with baseline QoI‐sensitive isolates. Microsatellite analysis of the isolates suggested that QoI resistance emerged independently in multiple genotypic backgrounds at multiple locations. A real‐time PCR assay utilizing dual‐labeled fluorogenic probes was developed to detect and differentiate QoI‐resistant isolates harboring the G143A mutation from sensitive isolates. CONCLUSION: The G143A mutation in cytb is associated with QoI resistance in C. beticola. Accurate monitoring of this mutation will be essential for fungicide resistance management in this pathosystem. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国玉米灰斑病病原菌的鉴定及其基本特征研究

【目的】明确引起中国玉米灰斑病的病原菌种类。【方法】广泛采集玉米灰斑病发生地区病样,用单孢分离方法获得大量菌株,采用病菌形态学、培养特征和种特异性鉴定技术,准确鉴定中国不同地域的玉米灰斑病致病种。【结果】从黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、山东、云南和湖北大量采集的玉米灰斑病病样中分离获得136个菌株,经过系统鉴定,确认其中65个菌株为玉蜀黍尾孢（Cercospora zeae-maydis）,71个菌株为玉米尾孢（C. zeina）,未发现以往有记载的高粱尾孢玉米变种（C. sorghi var. maydis）;引起中国北方地区玉米灰斑病的是玉蜀黍尾孢,而引起云南和湖北玉米灰斑病的是玉米尾孢,但在2008年前分离的云南菌株中有玉蜀黍尾孢。【结论】在中国,玉米灰斑病的病原菌有2个种：玉蜀黍尾孢和玉米尾孢,前者存在于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古和山东,在云南2008年前也有分布,后者分布在西南玉米区的云南、湖北。     

花生褐斑病菌产孢条件的研究

花生褐斑病菌(Cercospora arachidicola Hori)在花生秆汁培养基上的产孢量优于前人推荐的3种培养基。培养过程中,不同光照处理对病菌产孢不敏感;不同温度处理产孢量有显著差异。     

大豆和灰斑病菌互作中大豆脂质过氧化作用的变化*

在不同抗性的大豆品种和灰斑病菌互作中，通过测定叶片中脂质过氧化产物—丙二醛含量的动态变化，研究了灰斑病菌的侵染对大豆叶片脂质过氧化的影响。研究结果表明，大豆和灰斑病菌的组合不同，脂质过氧化产物—丙二醛含量变化的规律也不同；抗病品种接种致病力强的1号、7号和6号生理小种后，叶片中丙二醛含量均比对照的高，而接种其它生理小种后叶片中丙二醛含量均比对照降低。但是，感病品种接种灰斑病菌后叶片中丙二醛含量均比对照植株的增加，而且增加的幅度很大。     

大豆灰斑病菌生物学特性与病害发生规律的研究

大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora Sojina)生长最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为天冬酰氨,硫胺素可显著地促进菌体生长和产孢,在常温干燥环境中,孢子可存活6天,维持其侵染力3—4夭,已萌发的孢子对干燥环境的耐力降低,孢子侵入大豆叶片所需的保湿时间与品种抗性和保湿期温度有关。病斑产孢的最适温度为24℃,保湿期少于4小时产孢量较少。     

甜菜褐斑病菌致病力的研究

1987～1988年在3个病圃试验,10个不同地区的甜菜褐斑病分离菌对25个品种(系)的致病力测定结果看出,不同地区分离菌在不同品种(系)上、不同地区分离菌在同一品种(系)上、单一分离菌在不同品种(系)上致病力均存在差异,有的表现差异显著或极显著。但这种差异表现无规律或不稳定。因此初步认为,甜菜褐斑病菌致病力虽存在差异,但生理分化作用不明显。     

黑龙江省大豆新品系抗灰斑病鉴定结果

试验是从1987－2000年14年间对黑龙江省各大豆育种单位育成的新品系在进入区试或生试阶段统一进行抗灰斑病鉴定。对供试的638份大豆品系鉴定结果表明，高抗品系55份，抗病品系80份，中抗品系210份，感病和高感品系303份。对鉴定结果进一步分析看出，1994年以前的大豆新品系抗病性明显好于1994年以后的，1994年以前高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感材料的百分率分别为22.7%、11.2%、29%、37%；1994年以后高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感材料分别为0.2%、11.5%、38.7%、49.6%，其中高抗材料所占比例明显下降，中抗和感病材料所占比例明显上升。     

甜菜褐斑病菌生理分化研究

采集国内主要甜菜种植区的甜菜褐斑病菌标样,在50余个甜菜品种上进行异地接种鉴定,结合室内离体叶接种和盆栽隔离接种鉴定,并在内蒙通辽、黑龙江呼兰进行自然诱发观察,结果表明,甜菜褐斑病菌的变异较小,仅存在致病力有差异的生理型,尚不存在明显的生理分化现象。本试验提出利用病情指数、产孢量、酯酶同工酶E_5酶带可试作为甜菜褐斑病菌品种抗性接种鉴定的指标。     

甜菜褐斑病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 Three hundred and one endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from healthy sugar beet plants in severely diseased plots in Changji County,Xinjiang Province.Three endophytic bacteria strains,1-5,4-1 and 4-3,showed relatively strong antagonistic against Cercospora beticola.Strain 1-5 was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa,while strains 4-1 and 4-3 were as Bacillus flexus and Stenotrophomonas sp. by their morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics.The results from several experiment trials showed that the endophytic bacteria could reduce the disease incidence of sugar beet.The control efficiency reached from 67.6% to 80.2%, indicating that biocontrol with endophytic bacteria was an alternative and potential method to control sugar beet fungi disease.     

Effect of the new pyrazole carboxamide fungicide penthiopyrad on late leaf spot and stem rot of peanut

BACKGROUND: Management of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori.), late leaf spot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & MA Curtis) Deighton] and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern USA is heavily dependent upon sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Effective new fungicides with different modes of action could improve overall disease control and extend the utility of the current fungicides. Penthiopryad is a pyrazole carboxamide fungicide being evaluated for use on peanut. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2007 to determine the effect of a range of rates (0–0.36 kg AI ha^?1) of penthiopyrad on leaf spot and stem rot and the relative efficacy of penthiopyrad and current fungicide standards chlorothalonil, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin. RESULTS: Leaf spot control in plots treated with penthiopyrad at 0.20 kg AI ha^?1 or higher was similar to or better than that for the chlorothalonil standard. The incidence of stem rot for all penthiopyrad treatments was usually less than that for the tebuconazole or azoxystrobin standard treatments. Pod yields for all penthiopyrad treatments were similar to or higher than those for the respective standards. CONCLUSION: Penthiopyrad has excellent potential for management of late leaf spot and stem rot of peanut, and may complement current SBI and QoI fungicides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry