陇西县甘草褐斑病的发生动态及防效试验

在陇西县首阳镇进行了甘草褐斑病发生动态调查及药剂防治试验。结果表明,甘草褐斑病6月中旬开始发生,至8月上旬株发病率达100%,同时病害进入快速蔓延期;8月中旬病斑逐渐连片并开始大量脱落,病情指数快速增加,至9月上旬大部分田地50%植株叶片全部脱落。供试的6种杀菌剂对甘草褐斑病都具有一定的防治效果,第1次施药后7 d,以20%丙环唑微乳剂2000倍液和5%烯唑醇微乳剂1000倍液防效较好,分别为65.82%、64.41%;第2次施药后14 d,10%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂1500倍液和20%丙环唑微乳油2000倍液防效较好,分别为90.73%和85.34%。     

Faba bean breeding for disease resistance

Faba bean is a major grain legume widely cultivated in many countries for food and feed purposes. A number of aerial fungi, together with soil-borne pathogens associated with foot and root rot complexes, nematodes, parasitic weeds and viruses may cause severe diseases in faba bean crops. The use of genetic resistance is the most economical and environmentally friendly control method. However, to date no efficient sources of resistance have been described to some diseases, or it is scarce and of complex nature, making necessary the implementation of other control measures. Phenotypic expression of resistance is usually poorly described. As a consequence of this, and of the poorly developed genomic resources available, the genetic basis of resistances is, in most cases, largely unknown. Effectiveness of MAS might soon increase with the adoption of new improvements in marker technology together with the integration of comparative mapping and functional genomics. In this paper we will review and critically discuss current and future strategies on breeding faba bean for disease resistance.     

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种PCR-RFLP分子检测

采用PCR-RFLP技术建立了大豆灰斑病菌生理小种分子检测体系。引物对ITS1和ITS4PCR扩增大豆灰斑病菌的16个生理小种的DNA,均得到600bp片段;继而用HinfⅠ、RsaⅠ和HaeⅢ三种限制性内切酶将扩增产物消化,得到15个多态性片段,可将16个生理小种区分开来。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病菌遗传多样性的研究

从100对AFLP引物组合中筛选出多态性高且稳定性好的10对引物组合,对2006-2009年采自黑龙江省各大豆主要产区的121个大豆灰斑病菌菌株进行AFLP 分析,得到148个多态性条带。用UPGMA聚类分析, 121个菌株被归类于111个不同单元型 (带型),以彼此间的遗传距离小于0.81为界, 将111个单元型划分为6个遗传系谱。其中L03、L05和L06为黑龙江大豆灰斑病的优势系谱。L02分布地域比较狭窄,为黑龙江大豆灰斑病的稀有遗传系谱。 大豆灰斑病;扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）;遗传多样性;大豆灰斑病菌（Cercospora sojina） 中图分类号：S435.11.4 文献标识码 ：A 文章编号：     

玉米三种叶斑病混发时的流行过程及产量损失研究

 通过2年的田间小区人工接种试验,观察比较了玉米大斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病单独及混合发生时的流行过程及对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的负相关性,随着病情的发展,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。病害混发时造成产量损失并不完全等于各病害单独造成损失之和,其中大斑病和弯孢叶斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失约为各病害单独造成损失之和的76%～88%,大斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失可近似看作两种病害各自引起产量损失之和,3种病害同时发生时最终损失率约为各自造成损失之和的67%～72%。     

大豆灰斑病1号生理小种抗性基因的SSR标记

针对中国大豆灰斑病1号生理小种,以抗所有生理小种的品系东农40566为母本,以感所有生理小种的品种东农410为父本配制杂交组合,杂交得到F2代后连续自交3代得到F5代群体。该群体经人工接种灰斑病1号生理小种后,利用BSA法对500个SSR标记进行筛选,其中3个标记Satt565、SOYGPATR和Satt396在抗、感池间表现出稳定的多态性,并且在F2代个体中表现出抗性与多态性协同分离的趋势。3个标记与抗性基因的连锁顺序为Satt565—SOYGPATR—Hrcs1—Satt396,它们与抗性基因的连锁距离分别为12.7cM、6.5cM、14.7cM。推测抗大豆灰斑病1号生理小种的基因可能位于C1连锁群上。     

Host range ofCercospora piaropi andAcremonium zonatum, potential fungal biocontrol agents for waterhyacinth in Mexico

The host ranges ofCercospora piaropi andAcremonium zonatum, fungi native to Mexico and pathogens of waterhyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes), were evaluated using 31 plant species (some with several cultivars tested) representing 22 families of economic and ecological importance. The results showed that only waterlettuce(Pistia stratiotes), another abundant weed in Mexico, was infected byC. piaropi. The use of those pathogens in the biological control of waterhyacinth would not be expected to affect plants of economic and ecological importance in Mexico.     

水葫芦生防菌Cercospora piaropi菌株BA-57的生物学特性

尾孢菌属的Cercospora piaropi是一种水葫芦生防真菌,有潜力被开发成为防除水葫芦的真菌除草剂。本试验研究了该菌BA-57菌株的生物学特性。结果表明,BA-57菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适温度都为30℃,最适pH分别为7.6、10.0和9.0。光照处理对BA-57的菌丝生长以及产孢量无显著影响,而全黑暗有利于孢子萌发。碳源中,甘露醇最适于BA-57菌丝生长,而葡萄糖和蔗糖有利于BA-57产孢。BA-57菌丝生长和产孢的最佳氮源都是硝酸钠。蛋白胨和玉米粉对BA-57的孢子萌发有促进作用。湿度条件,在水滴中BA-57的孢子萌发率最高。     

Effects of thiophanate-methyl and azoxystrobin on the composition of Cercospora kikuchii populations with thiophanate-methyl-resistant strains

Azoxystrobin was recently registered in Japan for the control of purple seed stain of soybean caused by Cercospora kikuchii, because the pathogen has developed resistance to thiophanate-methyl. To investigate the effects of these fungicides on the frequency of C. kikuchii strains resistant to thiophanate-methyl and on the genotype structure of the population, we sowed purple-stained seeds, approximately 40% of which were infected with resistant strains, as inocula with asymptomatic seeds and applied thiophanate-methyl and azoxystrobin during the reproductive growth of soybeans. The isolation frequency of resistant strains increased more than 99% by thiophanate-methyl but was not significantly increased by azoxystrobin. In amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) DNA fingerprinting, genotypic diversity was significantly decreased by thiophanate-methyl but was not affected by azoxystrobin. In addition, the similarity of the AFLP genotype structure was increased by thiophanate-methyl but not by azoxystrobin. These results suggest that thiophanate-methyl selectively inhibited the proliferation of sensitive strains, which resulted in a small number of genotypes, most of which were resistant strains. Azoxystrobin was found to nonselectively inhibit proliferation of the pathogen, which retained a large number of genotypes including thiophanate-methyl-sensitive or thiophanate-methyl-resistant strains or both. The nucleotide sequence data for the cytochrome b gene are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB231863.     

猕猴桃果实霉斑病防治试验

采用不同药剂、不同防治时间和间隔期对猕猴桃果实霉斑病进行防治试验，结果表明：用75％百菌清(Chorothalcnil)和70％甲基托布津(Thiophanate-Methyl)800—1000倍液防治效果较好，施药间隔期75％百菌清和70％甲基托布津以12d、50％多菌灵(Carbendazin)以7d较为合理。